Pressure Variation with Altitude

Introduction to the pressure variation with altitude:

If you stand on a pole of small and irregular stone, your feet get hurts. The total force exerted by the stone is equal to your weight w if you manage to stand on it. Even if you stand on a green lawn, the force exerted by the lawn on your feet is same w. However, the soft grass of the lawn is much easier on the feet than the stone. The reason is the difference in area over which this force is distributed. When you stand on stone, the actual area of contact is much smaller than that when you stand on grass. The feeling of pain is more depends on the force per unit area, which is called pressure. I like to share this conversion from celsius to fahrenheit formula with you all through my article.

Variation of Pressure with Altitude

The force per unit area is an important quantity and hence it is given a name as pressure. If a force acts perpendicularly on a surface a, the pressure over the area is P = f / a

Just like liquids, gases too exert pressure. The air in the atmosphere exerts a force on everything in its contact. The pressure clue to the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure is P = h d g, where h is the height of atmosphere, d = density of air, g = acceleration due to gravity. So, as we go on altitudes, the pressure becomes less and less due to the decrease in the height of atmosphere. Due to this reason, the doctors advised the heart patients to go on mountains or hill areas. Understanding Electromagnetic Spectrum Examples is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

Conclusion for the Variation of Pressure with Altitude

The liquid at rest exerts equal pressure in all direction at a point inside the liquid. The liquid at rest exerts equal pressure at all these points which are in one level inside the liquid (height is same). Pressure is independent of shape of the liquid surface as well as the area of the liquid surface. It only depends when the height of the liquid column. It is a scalar quantity and the unit of pressure is Pascal.

Vibrating String Frequency

Introduction to vibrating string frequency

A vibration within a string is a wave. Generally vibrating strings produce a resonance whose occurrence within the majority cases is unvarying. Consequently, given that frequency characterize the field, the sound formed is an unvarying message. Vibrating strings be the beginning of some string apparatus similar to guitar, cello, otherwise piano. I like to share this formula convert celsius to fahrenheit with you all through my article.

Vibrating String Frequency

Vibration, reputation waves within a string, the fundamental with the initial 6 overtone to create a harmonic sequence.

The momentum of propagation of a signal within a string (v) is relative toward the square root of the tension of the string (T) with inversely proportional toward the square root of the linear accumulation (μ) of the series:

`nu= sqrt(T/mu)`

Frequency of the wave

One time the momentum of spread is recognized, the frequency of the resonance formed through the series is able to be calculated. The momentum of spread of a wave be equivalent toward the wavelength λ separated through the period τ, or else multiply through the frequency f:

`nu=lambda/(tau)= lambdaf`

But the extent of the string be L, the essential harmonic be the individual created through the vibration whose nodes be the two split ends of the series, as a result L be partially of the wavelength of the essential harmonic. Therefore:

`f = (nu)/(2L)=(1)/(L)sqrt((T)/(mu))`

Wherever T be the tension, μ be the linear collection, also L be the length of the vibrate fraction of the string.


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Observe string vibrations

Waveforms lying on a vibrating string but the frequency are small adequate also the vibrating string be detained within abut of a CRT display for example individual of a small screen or else a computer. This consequence is call the stroboscopic result, also the speed on which the sequence seem near shake be the distinction among the frequency of the string with the revive rate of the display.

The similar are able to occur by a glowing street lamp, on a rate which is the dissimilarity among frequency of the sequence along with the frequency of the discontinuous current.

Water Home Heating System

Introduction to water home heating system:

Example of home water heating system is Immersion heater or the Geyser and solar water heater.

Geyser is an appliance based on the heating effect of the electric current is used to heat water.The heating element consists of a long wire of nichrome in the form of a coil which is concealed in  a metal tube which is earthed. The coil is insulated from the metal  tube by using magnesium oxide powder, which is an insulator of electricity but conducts heat.

The end of the heating element is fixed to a Bakelite case with the help of screws. The ends are connected to a 3-pin plug with the help of flexible wires. There is a metal strip fixed to the Bakelite case. It is not only act as hanger for the water heater, but also used to earth connections. It is also act as a water level indicator. For proper functioning of the heater, the minimum and maximum levels indicated must be observed. Before switching to the current the immersion heater is suspended vertically in the bucket containing water up to the level indicated. When the current is switched on, the heat produced in the coil is passed to the water.

Before removing immersion heater from water, the current should be switched off.

Water Home Heating System

Solar water Heater:

The heat energy released from the sun is trapped and converted those solar heat radiations to heat up the water. Solar energy is the renewable form  of energy. In solar water heating  the storage tank is horizontally mounted  immediately on the solar collectors on the  roof .These are designed  to deliver  the optimum amount of heat the storage tank is below the solar collector, a  circulating pump moves water between tank and collector.

Energy Conversion in Water Home Heating System

The amount of heat energy released from the sun is trapped by the solar heat collectors which in turn transforms solar radiated energy into heat energy. The water circulating will absorb the heat liberated at the collector region and gets heated up. So solar energy can be converted into heat energy.

Applications of Upthrust

Introduction to application of upthrust:

If a solid body is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid it experiences an upward force which is called the upthrust force. The formula to find the upthrust force is the product of the volume of the solid inside the liquid, density of the liquid and the acceleration due to gravity. Now we discuss some of the applications of the upthrust force. Having problem with two capacitors in series keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

Application of Upthrust:

There are some applications of the upthrust force, which are discussed here.

(i) To find the volume of the body: Let W and w be the weight of the body in the air and in the water respectively. Now according to the upthrust force the loss in the weight in the body is equal to the upthrust force on the body.

W- w = V d g

Where, V is the volume of the body, d be the density of water and g be the acceleration due to gravity.

So, V = (W – w) / dg

By measuring the values of W, w, d and g , find the value of the volume of the body.

(ii) Specific gravity or the relative density of the material of the solid: The specific gravity of a solid with respect to water is given by te ratio of the weight of the body in air to the loss in the weight of the body.

Specific gravity = Relative density = W / (W – w)

Where, W is the weight of the body in air, w be the weight of the body in water.

(iii) Working of a parachute: As a person jumps from the aero plane with the parachute, initially the motion of the person is free fall at that time the parachute is closed. As the parachute opens the volume of the parachute inside the air increases by a very large amount. We know that the upthrust force depends on the volume of body in the fluid, so a large quantity of upthrust is acting on the parachute in the upward direction. Hence, the person reaches on the ground safely. Please express your views of this topic Capacitance Formula by commenting on blog.

Conclusion Fro Upthrust Force:

Due to this upthrust force there is a loss in the weight of the body if it is submerged in the liquid. Upthrust force is due to the pressure difference between the two points in the liquid. The upthrust force exerted by the body due to the liquid is depend on the volume of the body inside the liquid, density of the liquid and the acceleration due to gravity.

Thermal Energy due to Friction

Introduction to thermal energy due to friction:

Friction is a resisting force. This force is seen in between solids, in fluid layers or other substances sliding against each other. This friction resists the motion of the sliding object.

There are several types of friction, like dry friction, fluid friction, lubricated friction, skin friction or internal friction.A friction can cause wear and tear of the substances, sparks and the kinetic energy between the two surfaces can convert to heat energy. The kind of heat energy generated and the intensity of heat depend on the materials rubbing or sliding against each other. I like to share this adding capacitors in series with you all through my article.

Examples of Thermal Energy Caused by Friction:

Thermal energy due to friction is the heat energy generated during friction. This heat is the converted kinetic energy. When the surfaces come in contact with each other, the particles on the surface get charged producing electromagnetic forces. This force has the effect of resistance.

Thermal energy due to friction between two metals can cause the metal surface to melt as well. This happens when certain metal surfaces move against each other at high speeds.

In cases where the heat generated is high enough to cause wear and tear of the surfaces, or because melting of the surfaces, lubrication is used. These lubricants are generally liquids that are smeared on the metal surface to reduce the wear and tear of the metal surfaces. Understanding Strain Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

Another example of thermal energy due to friction is the rolling resistance. This is seen in case of motor vehicle tires on the road. The rolling of the tire against the road surface produces heat as well as sound.

The law of conservation of energy states that no energy is destroyed, it is converted to another form of energy or is stored in an object or is sometimes lost to the system. This is true for thermal energy as well.

Conclusion for Thermal Energy Caused by Friction:

Thermal energy due to friction is the heat generated during friction. Friction is a resisting force that comes into existence when two solid objects or liquid layers or any other substances slide against each other. This resistive force gets converted into thermal energy or heat in some cases of friction.

Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves

Introduction to coherent and incoherent addition of waves:
There are two types of sources of waves.  One is coherent source of waves and the other is incoherent source of waves. The sources and the waves are said to be coherent if they have the same frequencies, same wavelength, same speed, almost same amplitude and having no phase difference or a constant phase difference. If any of the property is lacking, the sources are said to be incoherent. The examples of the coherent sources and the waves are sound waves from two loud speakers driven by the same audio oscillator, electromagnetic waves from two microwaves horns driven by the same oscillator, light waves generated by Young have double slit experiment, light waves coming from a laser gun. To examine the coherent waves we have to observe the intensity pattern produced by the addition of two or more waves.
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Describing Coherent and Incoherent Waves:

Two waves produce the interference pattern only if they originate from coherent sources. The process of light emission from ordinary sources such as the sun, a candle, an electric bulb, is such that one to use special techniques to get the coherent sources. In order to obtain the fine interference pattern the path difference between the two waves originating from the sources should be very small. In practice the path difference should not be exceed a few centimetres to observe a good interference pattern. Is this topic formula for converting celsius to fahrenheit hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves :
Consider the addition of two waves emitting from two sources of intensities I1 and I2. They two waves interfere each other so that the intensity of the resulting wave is I, which is given by the following relation. I = I1 + I2 + 2 (I1 I2 Cos q)1/2.Where q is the phase difference between two waves. For the constructive interference the value of q = 0°, so that the Cos q = 1 and for the destructive interference the value of  q = 90°, so that the Cos q = 0. In case of the incoherent sources or waves we can the intensity simply by algebraic method that means I = I1 + I2. Because of the incoherent sources the light emitted is not strictly monochromatic in nature.

Paths and Circuits

Introduction on Paths and Circuits:

Paths and circuits were first discovered by a mathematician known as Leonhard Euler. He discovered these while solving the famous problem “Seven Bridges of Konigsberg” in the year 1736. He named his paths as Eulerian paths and circuits as Eulerian circuits. Basically he have discovered these paths and circuits in order to find the solutions of graphical math’s problems, but inspired with his discovery, another scientist named Kirchoff's implement these paths and circuits in physics circuits to find the solutions of problems. Understanding Heat Capacity Formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

Concept of Paths and Circuits:

Eulerian paths and circuits in graphs use edges to get connected and it also uses each edge only once. But as per Kirchoff's rules for paths and circuits, we use them in order to make a way for current to pass through circuits. Paths and circuits are categorized in two ways, they are:

Series circuits
Parallel circuits.
In series circuits, the current remains the same as it passes through each element while potential difference decreases. The current passing in all parts of a series circuit has the same magnitude.

In parallel circuits, the voltage remains the same while the current differs in each element. The current passing through each circuit has different magnitude in parallel circuits. Is this topic Permanent Magnet Motor Free Energy hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

Examples of Paths and Circuits:

The above explained two types of paths and circuits have been deeply implemented in various problems to find their exact solutions. For example (series circuit),

The formula to be used in series circuits when some “n” loads are connected:

Current = current in 1st element = current in 2nd element =……..up to n elements. (Is = I1 = I2 =……. = In)

Voltage = voltage in 1st element = voltage in2nd element = ….up to n elements. (Vs = V1 = V2 =……..=Vn)

Equivalence resistance => Rs = R1 + R2 + R3…….Rn

In case of parallel circuits the formula will be:

Current = Current in 1st + Current in2nd +……… up to n elements.

(Ip = I1+I2 +…….up to n)

Voltage = Voltage in 1st = Voltage in 2nd = ………. Up to n elements

(Vp = V1 = V2 = …….. up to n).

Equivalence resistance = R1 * R2 *……………Rn / R1 + R2 +……………Rn)

Summary on Paths and Circuits:

These paths and circuits proved to be very useful in electrical circuit analysis. Ohms and Kirchhoff’s law contributed much to analyze these paths and circuits.

Laws of Speed

Introduction of laws of speed:

Speed can be defined as the rate at which an object moves or one can say how fast an object moves. The average speed, denoted by v, of an object may be calculated by dividing the distance s travelled by the body in time t taken to do so, and may be expressed as:
v = s/t

Speed = d/t

Speed is a scalar quantity. The units of speed are meters per second or kilometers per hour.
Speed of an object can be obtained by distance time graph. We can define speed as the distance something goes in a second. Understanding Atomic Mass and Atomic Number is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

For example, a sports car can go 50 times faster than we can walk and 8 times faster than we can run. This is because its engine turns gasoline into power much more quickly than our body can burn food to pump your muscles. The faster a car burns gas, the quicker it can go i.e. the more speed it has.

Speedometer device is used to measure the instantaneous speed of a land vehicle.

Describing Laws of Speed for an Athlete

The first law of speed deals with the development of technical skills. Acceleration is the most important component of running fast. If we can’t accelerate properly, we’ll never actually hit top speed. As for example if an athlete wants to win he must be able to coordinate the following within 3-4 seconds:

The second law of speed is the short to long program. One should start from small start to big one. As for example a student will not be able to study in higher classes if he is not having previous knowledge. The same thing happens with speed. A ‘Fly 40’ (or any ‘fly’ run) is considered a top speed exercise. That is why an athlete do ‘fly 10s’ first. Once athlete develops top speed proficiency doing a ‘fly 10’, he starts to ‘fly 20s’. Once athletes develop top speed proficiency doing a ‘fly 20’, he starts 30’s and so on. This improves the speed. This is the structure of the ‘short to long’ program.Is this topic Ohm's Law Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

The third law of speed deals with the fact that Speed work with the workout. So, if the goal of training is to get faster, one has to look at his quality work as the workout.

Conclusion for the Laws of Speed

From the discussion above, all the three laws of speed can be applied in different application for development of speed. Athletes can increase their speed by implementing these laws.

Phase Change

Phase Change from Gas to Solid is known as deposition. This Phase Change Gas to Solid is direct conversion of a gas to solid without going to the intermediate state of liquid. During this process heat energy is released from gas to convert into solid. The heat energy released must be equal to ht of condensation and ht of freezing. As ht is released the process is exothermic.
Example of deposition: conversion of water vapor directly into ice in sub-freezing conditions. Formation of snow occurs due to deposition.  Formation of frost on grounds or leafs in sub freezing surroundings is also an example of deposition. Understanding Energy Equation Wavelength is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

Opposite process of deposition is sublimation which is Phase Change from Solid to Gas directly without going into liquid state. Sublimation requires absorption of heat by the material and hence it is an endothermic process. At normal pressures, materials have three states at different temperature. But at high pressures, materials sublime at a particular temperature. The ht energy required to be absorbed by the material for this conversion is sum of ht of fusion and ht of vaporization.
For example: Water Sublimation or ice sublimation occurs at temperature less than melting point and pressure which is below its triple point. In Antarctica where temperatures are too low ice sublimes into gas directly. Process of sublimation is also used in purification process where the pure volatile material sublimes and then condenses but the impurities are left behind which are non volatile.
let us see how during a Phase Change Water behaves.  A phse change is not just a matter of temperature but also of pressure. Let see how pressure and temperature effects states of water: Is this topic De Broglie Wavelength Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

As shown in Phase Change Diagram Water is found in three states i.e. solid, liquid and gas namely ice, water and steam. When pressure is 1atm, we can observe that water starts converting into ice at 0oC(freezing point). At this point both ice and water exist.  At the same pressure of 1atm water converts into steam at 100oC(boiling point). At this point both steam and water exists. The process of conversion of water into ice is known as freezing and the process of conversion of ice into liquid is melting. When steam converts into water, the process is said to be condensation and when water converts into steam, it is known as boiling. At 374oC and 218atm only steam exists.

At low pressure, ice converts directly into ice through sublimation and steam converts into solid (deposition). Water exists in all phses at triple point (0.01oC, 0.00603atm).