Introduction to mass and weight difference:
WEIGHT :The earth attracts every object with a certain force and this force depends on the mass [m] of the object and the acceleration due to the gravity [g]. The weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth. As we know,
F = m x a or
F = m x g
The force of attraction of the earth on an object is known as weight of the object. It is denoted by W. Substituting the same in above equation, we have,
W = m x g
As the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards earth, the SI unit of weight is same as that of force, that is , Newton [ N]. The weight is the force acting vertically downwards; it has both magnitude and direction. The value of g is constant at a given place. Therefore at a given place, the weight of an object is directly proportional to the mass.
MASS :There is a resistance offered by an object to change its state of motion. If it is at rest it tends to remain at rest; if it is moving it tends to keep moving. This property of an object is called its inertia. Further, we know that it is easier to push an empty box than a box full of stones. Quantitatively, the inertia of an object is measured by its mass. "The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia." Greater the mass , greater is the inertia.
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Difference between the two mass and weight:
1. Mass is measure of inertia of an object whereas the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards earth.
2.Mass of an object tends to remain same whether the object is on earth, the moon or even in outer space. Thus, mass of an object is constant and does not change from place to place. On the other hand, Weight of an object depends upon the mass and gravitational force. So, it changes from place to place as the value of "g" is different at different places. It is not constant.
3.The SI unit of mass is Kg, while the SI unit of weight is Newton.
4.The weight is the force acting vertically downwards; it has both magnitude and direction.hence, it a vector quantity. But, mass only has magnitude but no direction so it is scalar quantity.
5. Mass of an object can never be Zero but weight of an object can be Zero as gravity at poles is zero.
Thursday, June 6, 2013
Monday, June 3, 2013
Message Signaled Interrupts
Message Signaled Interrupts
Message Signaled Interrupts, in PCI 2.2 and later and PCI Express, are an alternative way of generating an interrupt. Traditionally, a device has an interrupt pin which it asserts when it wants to interrupt the host CPU. While PCI Express does not have separate interrupt pins, it has special messages to allow it to emulate a pin assertion or deassertion. Message Signaled Interrupts allow the device to write a small amount of data to a special address in memory space. The chipset will deliver the corresponding interrupt to a CPU.
I like to share this Strain Equation with you all through my article.
A common misconception with Message Signaled Interrupts is that they allow the device to send data to the CPU as part of the interrupt. The data that is sent as part of the write is used by the chipset to determine which interrupt to trigger on which CPU; it is not available for the device to communicate additional information to the interrupt handler.
Some non-PCI architectures also use Message Signaled Interrupts. For example, HP GSC devices do not have interrupt pins and can only interrupt by writing directly to the processor's interrupt register in memory space.
Advantages over pin-based interrupts
While more complex to implement in a device, MSI has some significant advantages.
On the mechanical side, fewer pins makes for a simpler, cheaper, and more reliable connector. While this is no advantage to the standard PCI connector, PCI Express takes advantage of these savings.
Having problem with Density Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
MSI increases the number of interrupts that are possible. While conventional PCI was limited to 4 interrupts per card (and, because they were shared among all cards, most used just 1), message signaled interrupts allow dozens of interrupts per card, when that is useful.
There is also a slight performance advantage. In software, a pin-based interrupt could race with a posted write to memory. That is, the PCI device would write data to memory and then send an interrupt to indicate the DMA write was complete. However, a PCI bridge or memory controller might buffer the write in order to not interfere with some other memory use. The interrupt could arrive before the DMA write was complete, and the processor could read stale data from memory. To prevent this race, interrupt handlers were required to read from the device to ensure that the DMA write had finished. This read had a moderate performance penalty. An MSI write cannot pass a DMA write, so the race is eliminated.
Message Signaled Interrupts, in PCI 2.2 and later and PCI Express, are an alternative way of generating an interrupt. Traditionally, a device has an interrupt pin which it asserts when it wants to interrupt the host CPU. While PCI Express does not have separate interrupt pins, it has special messages to allow it to emulate a pin assertion or deassertion. Message Signaled Interrupts allow the device to write a small amount of data to a special address in memory space. The chipset will deliver the corresponding interrupt to a CPU.
I like to share this Strain Equation with you all through my article.
A common misconception with Message Signaled Interrupts is that they allow the device to send data to the CPU as part of the interrupt. The data that is sent as part of the write is used by the chipset to determine which interrupt to trigger on which CPU; it is not available for the device to communicate additional information to the interrupt handler.
Some non-PCI architectures also use Message Signaled Interrupts. For example, HP GSC devices do not have interrupt pins and can only interrupt by writing directly to the processor's interrupt register in memory space.
Advantages over pin-based interrupts
While more complex to implement in a device, MSI has some significant advantages.
On the mechanical side, fewer pins makes for a simpler, cheaper, and more reliable connector. While this is no advantage to the standard PCI connector, PCI Express takes advantage of these savings.
Having problem with Density Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
MSI increases the number of interrupts that are possible. While conventional PCI was limited to 4 interrupts per card (and, because they were shared among all cards, most used just 1), message signaled interrupts allow dozens of interrupts per card, when that is useful.
There is also a slight performance advantage. In software, a pin-based interrupt could race with a posted write to memory. That is, the PCI device would write data to memory and then send an interrupt to indicate the DMA write was complete. However, a PCI bridge or memory controller might buffer the write in order to not interfere with some other memory use. The interrupt could arrive before the DMA write was complete, and the processor could read stale data from memory. To prevent this race, interrupt handlers were required to read from the device to ensure that the DMA write had finished. This read had a moderate performance penalty. An MSI write cannot pass a DMA write, so the race is eliminated.
Solid Physical Properties
Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary water ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass).
The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
Microscopic description
The atoms, molecules or ions which make up a solid may be arranged in an orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. Materials whose constituents are arranged in a regular pattern are known as crystals. In some cases, the regular ordering can continue unbroken over a large scale, for example diamonds, where each diamond is a single crystal. Solid objects that are large enough to see and handle are rarely composed of a single crystal, but instead are made of a large number of single crystals, known as crystallites, whose size can vary from a few nanometers to several meters. Such materials are called polycrystalline. Almost all common metals, and many ceramics, are polycrystalline.
In other materials, there is no long-range order in the position of the atoms. These solids are known as amorphous solids; examples include polystyrene and glass.
Whether a solid is crystalline or amorphous depends on the material involved, and the conditions in which it was formed. Solids which are formed by slow cooling will tend to be crystalline, while solids which are frozen rapidly are more likely to be amorphous. Likewise, the specific crystal structure adopted by a crystalline solid depends on the material involved and on how it was formed.
While many common objects, such as an ice cube or a coin, are chemically identical throughout, many other common materials comprise a number of different substances packed together. For example, a typical rock is an aggregate of several different minerals and mineraloids, with no specific chemical composition. Wood is a natural organic material consisting primarily of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of organic lignin. In materials science, composites of more than one constituent material can be designed to have desired properties.
The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
Microscopic description
The atoms, molecules or ions which make up a solid may be arranged in an orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. Materials whose constituents are arranged in a regular pattern are known as crystals. In some cases, the regular ordering can continue unbroken over a large scale, for example diamonds, where each diamond is a single crystal. Solid objects that are large enough to see and handle are rarely composed of a single crystal, but instead are made of a large number of single crystals, known as crystallites, whose size can vary from a few nanometers to several meters. Such materials are called polycrystalline. Almost all common metals, and many ceramics, are polycrystalline.
In other materials, there is no long-range order in the position of the atoms. These solids are known as amorphous solids; examples include polystyrene and glass.
Whether a solid is crystalline or amorphous depends on the material involved, and the conditions in which it was formed. Solids which are formed by slow cooling will tend to be crystalline, while solids which are frozen rapidly are more likely to be amorphous. Likewise, the specific crystal structure adopted by a crystalline solid depends on the material involved and on how it was formed.
While many common objects, such as an ice cube or a coin, are chemically identical throughout, many other common materials comprise a number of different substances packed together. For example, a typical rock is an aggregate of several different minerals and mineraloids, with no specific chemical composition. Wood is a natural organic material consisting primarily of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of organic lignin. In materials science, composites of more than one constituent material can be designed to have desired properties.
What is Reflecting Telescope
Introduction of reflecting telescope:
Telescope is a device used for seeing the images which are too long. The visualization of image is very clear. The astronomical telescope is mainly for capturing the astronomical objects.
Classification of telescope:
Refracting telescope
Reflecting telescope
Let us see what is the reflecting telescope.
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Reflecting telescope:
Reflecting telescope:
If we want to know what is the reflecting telescope we first know the general diagram of telescope.Normally a telescope consists of two lenses.
In refracting telescope large aperture and large focal length of objective lens are used. The lens used in refracting telescope are convex lens. It is difficult to make large convex lens because it is very costly. Hence the reflecting telescope uses concave lens. Let us see the what is the construction of reflecting telescope.
Construction of reflection telescope:
Reflection telescope contains two type of lenses.
Objective lens:
The reflection telescope contains concave mirror having a large aperture and large focal length. This concave mirror is placed at the one end of the wide tube which is called objective.
The other terminal of the wide tube is set to be open and directed to the image object. There is a plane mirror M2 is set at the place before the principal focus of the concave mirror. The angle between the mirror M2 and the principal axis of mirror M1 is 450.
Eye piece:
There is another tube of narrow tube is placed at the side of the wide tube having a convex lens E. The aperture and length of this convex lens E is small which is called eye piece. This eyepiece is capable of moving. This construction helps us to understand what the reflection telescope.
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Working of reflecting telescope:
Working of reflecting telescope:
Consider a distant object is AB. The rays from an object is first fall on the mirror M1. Then the reflected rays are moving in the direction of principal axis and there they are reflected by the mirror M2. The mirror M2 form a diminished image named A’B’. This A’B’ image is considered as an image of the eye piece E. This eye piece creates a magnified virtual image A’’B’’ which is the final image of the telescope.
Telescope is a device used for seeing the images which are too long. The visualization of image is very clear. The astronomical telescope is mainly for capturing the astronomical objects.
Classification of telescope:
Refracting telescope
Reflecting telescope
Let us see what is the reflecting telescope.
Looking out for more help on unit of density in physics by visiting listed websites.
Reflecting telescope:
Reflecting telescope:
If we want to know what is the reflecting telescope we first know the general diagram of telescope.Normally a telescope consists of two lenses.
In refracting telescope large aperture and large focal length of objective lens are used. The lens used in refracting telescope are convex lens. It is difficult to make large convex lens because it is very costly. Hence the reflecting telescope uses concave lens. Let us see the what is the construction of reflecting telescope.
Construction of reflection telescope:
Reflection telescope contains two type of lenses.
Objective lens:
The reflection telescope contains concave mirror having a large aperture and large focal length. This concave mirror is placed at the one end of the wide tube which is called objective.
The other terminal of the wide tube is set to be open and directed to the image object. There is a plane mirror M2 is set at the place before the principal focus of the concave mirror. The angle between the mirror M2 and the principal axis of mirror M1 is 450.
Eye piece:
There is another tube of narrow tube is placed at the side of the wide tube having a convex lens E. The aperture and length of this convex lens E is small which is called eye piece. This eyepiece is capable of moving. This construction helps us to understand what the reflection telescope.
Is this topic Kinematic Equations hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Working of reflecting telescope:
Working of reflecting telescope:
Consider a distant object is AB. The rays from an object is first fall on the mirror M1. Then the reflected rays are moving in the direction of principal axis and there they are reflected by the mirror M2. The mirror M2 form a diminished image named A’B’. This A’B’ image is considered as an image of the eye piece E. This eye piece creates a magnified virtual image A’’B’’ which is the final image of the telescope.
Mars Orbit Path
Introduction to Mars orbit path:
Mars the member of our solar system, it is the fourth planet counting from the sun. The name Mars is derived from roman language, mars is the god of battles and wars in roman. The iron oxide which is the main content of the planet makes it appear red, so Mars is called as a red planet. Mars is the nearest planet to earth and its diameter is approximately half of the diameter of planet earth. Like earth mars also has moons. The moons of mars are Phobos and Deimos which means fear and panic respectively. The moons of mars are of irregular shape.I like to share this Astral Buoyancy with you all through my article.
Mars orbit and polar caps
The average distance form mars to sun is around 230 million kilometers (approximately 1.5 astronomical units).mars takes 687 days (earth days)to complete one rotation around the sun. One solar day in mars is approximately 24 hours 3minutes and 35 seconds. Planet mars is tilted by 25.19 degrees which is similar to that of earth, hence mars also will have seasons like earth. The orbital speed of mars is approximately 24 kilometer per second. The temperature on the surface of mars varies from 186 K to 293K(- 87 C to 20 C)
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Inside the Mars
Similar to earth, mars also has polar ice caps. These ice caps are permanent. During the winter season in mars a pole lies in continuous darkness, which results in chilling the surface, also 25-30 percentage of the will condense out forming thick carbon dioxide (CO2) ice slabs famously known as dry ice. When these ice caps made up of dry ice melts by the exposure to sun light, the CO2 sublimes and create winds blowing across the mars at a speed approximately 350 – 400 kilometer per hour. The polar caps also contain the ice formed by water. The amount of water ice is very less compared to that of dry ice.
Mars the member of our solar system, it is the fourth planet counting from the sun. The name Mars is derived from roman language, mars is the god of battles and wars in roman. The iron oxide which is the main content of the planet makes it appear red, so Mars is called as a red planet. Mars is the nearest planet to earth and its diameter is approximately half of the diameter of planet earth. Like earth mars also has moons. The moons of mars are Phobos and Deimos which means fear and panic respectively. The moons of mars are of irregular shape.I like to share this Astral Buoyancy with you all through my article.
Mars orbit and polar caps
The average distance form mars to sun is around 230 million kilometers (approximately 1.5 astronomical units).mars takes 687 days (earth days)to complete one rotation around the sun. One solar day in mars is approximately 24 hours 3minutes and 35 seconds. Planet mars is tilted by 25.19 degrees which is similar to that of earth, hence mars also will have seasons like earth. The orbital speed of mars is approximately 24 kilometer per second. The temperature on the surface of mars varies from 186 K to 293K(- 87 C to 20 C)
Is this topic Physics Formulas hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Inside the Mars
Similar to earth, mars also has polar ice caps. These ice caps are permanent. During the winter season in mars a pole lies in continuous darkness, which results in chilling the surface, also 25-30 percentage of the will condense out forming thick carbon dioxide (CO2) ice slabs famously known as dry ice. When these ice caps made up of dry ice melts by the exposure to sun light, the CO2 sublimes and create winds blowing across the mars at a speed approximately 350 – 400 kilometer per hour. The polar caps also contain the ice formed by water. The amount of water ice is very less compared to that of dry ice.
Melting Point of Gold
Introduction to melting point of gold:
Gold is a chemical element with the assigned symbol Au in Chemistry. This symbol is derived from Latin word “aurum” meaning "shining dawn". It has an atomic number of 79. It developed an association with richness from the earliest times in human civilization and a mention of its usage for coinage, jewelry, and other arts can be found since the beginnings of recorded history. It has always fascinated mankind and has been the real motive behind many wars in the medieval times as a highly sought-after precious metal
Please express your views of this topic Neutral Buoyancy by commenting on blog.
Natural Occurrences of gold
Gold is found in nature as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. It is soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. With a density of 19.3 gm/cm3, it is one of the densest metals. It is also the least reactive among all metals and does not oxidize or corrode in air or water in the normal course.
Pure gold is chemically least reactive of all the metals and dissolves only in aqua regia (a mixture of HCl and HNO3) to form chloroauric acid but is not affected by the individual acids. It dissolves when added to mercury to form amalgam alloys but without chemical reaction. Its insolubility in nitric acid has been long used in gold refining and to confirm the presence of gold in mixtures and objects.
These properties make it quite handy to carry, move around or store for a long time. A relatively low melting point of gold makes it ideal for casting. These qualities and its use for coinage appear to have been instrumental in making it a symbol of wealth.
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Melting Point of Gold
Melting point of gold depends on the presence of impurities as it is seldom used in its pure form except as stored wealth or bullion. Traditionally, its purity is measured in Karats with 24 K (Karats) showing the 100% purity, and each lesser number denoting how many parts equivalent of pure gold are present in 24 parts. 18 K gold is the purity most often found in ornaments, which is 18 parts of gold with 6 parts of copper and traces of other impurities.
18 K gold has a melting point of 1675 degrees Fahrenheit or 912.78 degrees Celsius. Addition of further copper reduces it and 14 K gold has a melting point of 1550 degrees Fahrenheit or 843.33 degrees Celsius.
In its purest form Gold has a Melting point of 1337.33 degrees Kelvin equivalent to 1064.18 degrees Celsius or 1947.52 degrees Fahrenheit.
Gold is a chemical element with the assigned symbol Au in Chemistry. This symbol is derived from Latin word “aurum” meaning "shining dawn". It has an atomic number of 79. It developed an association with richness from the earliest times in human civilization and a mention of its usage for coinage, jewelry, and other arts can be found since the beginnings of recorded history. It has always fascinated mankind and has been the real motive behind many wars in the medieval times as a highly sought-after precious metal
Please express your views of this topic Neutral Buoyancy by commenting on blog.
Natural Occurrences of gold
Gold is found in nature as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. It is soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. With a density of 19.3 gm/cm3, it is one of the densest metals. It is also the least reactive among all metals and does not oxidize or corrode in air or water in the normal course.
Pure gold is chemically least reactive of all the metals and dissolves only in aqua regia (a mixture of HCl and HNO3) to form chloroauric acid but is not affected by the individual acids. It dissolves when added to mercury to form amalgam alloys but without chemical reaction. Its insolubility in nitric acid has been long used in gold refining and to confirm the presence of gold in mixtures and objects.
These properties make it quite handy to carry, move around or store for a long time. A relatively low melting point of gold makes it ideal for casting. These qualities and its use for coinage appear to have been instrumental in making it a symbol of wealth.
Is this topic Acceleration Equation Physics hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Melting Point of Gold
Melting point of gold depends on the presence of impurities as it is seldom used in its pure form except as stored wealth or bullion. Traditionally, its purity is measured in Karats with 24 K (Karats) showing the 100% purity, and each lesser number denoting how many parts equivalent of pure gold are present in 24 parts. 18 K gold is the purity most often found in ornaments, which is 18 parts of gold with 6 parts of copper and traces of other impurities.
18 K gold has a melting point of 1675 degrees Fahrenheit or 912.78 degrees Celsius. Addition of further copper reduces it and 14 K gold has a melting point of 1550 degrees Fahrenheit or 843.33 degrees Celsius.
In its purest form Gold has a Melting point of 1337.33 degrees Kelvin equivalent to 1064.18 degrees Celsius or 1947.52 degrees Fahrenheit.
Friday, May 31, 2013
Metals Good Conductors
Introduction to metals good conductors:
All the conductors shares a common property that they are able to carry the electric current to the voltage difference that is applied. The flow of electronic charge is called as electric current. Inside a material it is the electric field that forces all the free charges to move. So, there will be no electric field inside a conductor. If electric field exists inside a conductor then all the charges in the conductor doesn’t move.In most of the cases the majority of the electrons inside these materials are fixed at one place which are tightly held by an atom it its orbit. In all the conductors some of the electrons move and find their own way.
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About good conductors of metals
Metals basically are a kind of elements. These elements are quite different because they lose electrons from the atom readily in order to form positive ions or cations which are highly stable. All the cations form metallic bonds between atoms of other metal.
All the existing metals conducts the electricity. Metals are used as good conductors of electricity and heat because the metals will have space in their valence energy band that is unfilled. The conduction electrons travel in different directions with a very high velocities when there is no electric field. The same thing also happens even at the cold temperatures such as absolute zero. When an electric field is applied then there will be some imbalance that is developed and the free electrons flows from the outer band. Due to defects present in the lattice, the scattering of electrons occurs and the resistance for conduction comes in metals.
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Examples of metals good conductors:
Metals can be taken as a good example of the conductors of electricity. The good conductors of electricity are silver, copper and aluminum. Some other good conductors of electricity are iron, gold, mercury, steel, nickel, magnesium and sea water. Metals are not only good conductors of electricity but also a very good conductors of heat.
All the conductors shares a common property that they are able to carry the electric current to the voltage difference that is applied. The flow of electronic charge is called as electric current. Inside a material it is the electric field that forces all the free charges to move. So, there will be no electric field inside a conductor. If electric field exists inside a conductor then all the charges in the conductor doesn’t move.In most of the cases the majority of the electrons inside these materials are fixed at one place which are tightly held by an atom it its orbit. In all the conductors some of the electrons move and find their own way.
Please express your views of this topic Definition of Light Energy by commenting on blog.
About good conductors of metals
Metals basically are a kind of elements. These elements are quite different because they lose electrons from the atom readily in order to form positive ions or cations which are highly stable. All the cations form metallic bonds between atoms of other metal.
All the existing metals conducts the electricity. Metals are used as good conductors of electricity and heat because the metals will have space in their valence energy band that is unfilled. The conduction electrons travel in different directions with a very high velocities when there is no electric field. The same thing also happens even at the cold temperatures such as absolute zero. When an electric field is applied then there will be some imbalance that is developed and the free electrons flows from the outer band. Due to defects present in the lattice, the scattering of electrons occurs and the resistance for conduction comes in metals.
Is this topic Velocity Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Examples of metals good conductors:
Metals can be taken as a good example of the conductors of electricity. The good conductors of electricity are silver, copper and aluminum. Some other good conductors of electricity are iron, gold, mercury, steel, nickel, magnesium and sea water. Metals are not only good conductors of electricity but also a very good conductors of heat.
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