Introduction to what is paramagnetism:
Certain materials, every atom or molecule possesses a net stable magnetic moment-due to orbital also spin magnetic moments still in the nonappearance of an external magnetic field. Magnetic moments are randomly leaning in the nonappearance of an external magnetic field. These creates the net magnetic moment zero, therefore the magnetization of the material is zero. External magnetic field is appled to the magnetic dipoles be inclined to align themselves in the direction of the magnetic field with the material become magnetized. This consequence is recognized as paramagnetism. I like to share this Pauli Paramagnetism with you all through my article.
What is paramagnetism
Thermal agitations disturb the arrangement of the magnetic moments. By means of a raise in temperature, the raise in thermal agitation tends to randomize the dipole direction as a result leading to a decrease in magnetization.
These indicate to the paramagnetic susceptibility decreases through raise in temperature.
It is illustrious that the paramagnetic susceptibility varies inversely among temperature.
That is,
`x alpha (1)/(T)`
`x = (C)/(T)`
What is recognized as the Curie law of paramagnetism also C be a constant call Curie constant.
Paramagnetic materials
The magnetic materials which exhibit paramagnetism be call paramagnetic material.
What is the Properties for Paramagnetic materials
Paramagnetic materials magnetize the magnetic lines of force.
They hold permanent dipole moment.
The vulnerability is positive also depends on temperature.
Easy diagram of a paramagnetic explore complete up as of small magnets:
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De localization
In a lot of metallic material the electrons be traveling, that is to say they move during the solid additional or else fewer since an electron gas.
This is the effect of extremely physically powerful exchanges among the wave functions of adjacent atom within the extensive pattern arrangement. Wave functions of the valence electrons consequently appearance a group with equivalent numbers of spin up and about also downward.
While exposing in the direction of an outside ground simply individuals electrons close near the Fermi level determination react also a little excess of individual kind of spin determination answer. What consequence be a weak type of paramagnetism identified the same as Pauli-paramagnetism.
Wednesday, March 27, 2013
Laser Beam Properties
Introduction to Laser Beam
A laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It's a device by which electromagnetic radiation is produced, often-visible light, and to do so uses the process of optical amplification, which is based on stimulated emission of photons within a gain medium. The laser light is popular for its high degree of spatial coherence and temporal, unattainable using other technologies. As the output of spatial coherence is diffraction limited narrow beam often called pencil beam. I like to share this formula for net force with you all through my article.
Monochromatic of Laser beam
This property is based on two factors. Firstly, an EM wave of frequency `n _(0 )= (E2-E1)/h ` can be amplified; n 0 has a range which is called linewidth. non or Inhomogeneous broadening factors and homogeneous broadening factors decide this linewidth. The linewidth is very small compared with normal lights. Secondly, a resonant system is formed by laser cavity. At resonance frequencies of this cavity, oscillation can occur. This further narrows the laser linewidth. So this makes laser light very pure in wavelength, we say it has the property of monochromaticity.
Some more properties of laser beams
Coherence
Coherence for EM wave is divided into spatial and temporal coherence. If two points are considered such that both lie on the same wave front of given EM wave, at time t=0. The phase difference at these points on EM wave at time t=0 is k0. For time t>0 if the EM wave phase difference at two points remains k0, we say that there is perfect coherence in EM wave between the two points. Having problem with Electric Current Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Now we take a fixed point on EM wave front. If the phase difference remains same at any time between time t and time t+dt, where "dt" denotes time delay period, the wave is said to have temporal coherence over time dt. If dt is any value, we called the EM wave to be perfect temporal coherence wave. The high coherent property of laser is used in measurement, holography, etc.
Divergence and Directionality
Laser beam has very small divergence and therefore, is highly directional. This shows that laser beam appear from resonant cavity and waves that propagate along optical axis are sustained in cavity. Light beam divergence angle describes the directionality.
From diffraction theory, the divergence angle` theta_(d)` is:
`theta_(d)= (beta lambda) /D`
Where l= wavelength, D= diameter of beam, b= coefficient of value around unity, Θ = divergence
Brightness
The power released per unit solid angle per unit surface area is known as the brightness of laser beam. If beam of laser has power P, cross section of beam has diameter D and Θ being the divergence angle then the resulting emission solid angle is πΘ2, and then brightness is given by:
`"B=(4P)/(pi D theta)^(2) ` .
A laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It's a device by which electromagnetic radiation is produced, often-visible light, and to do so uses the process of optical amplification, which is based on stimulated emission of photons within a gain medium. The laser light is popular for its high degree of spatial coherence and temporal, unattainable using other technologies. As the output of spatial coherence is diffraction limited narrow beam often called pencil beam. I like to share this formula for net force with you all through my article.
Monochromatic of Laser beam
This property is based on two factors. Firstly, an EM wave of frequency `n _(0 )= (E2-E1)/h ` can be amplified; n 0 has a range which is called linewidth. non or Inhomogeneous broadening factors and homogeneous broadening factors decide this linewidth. The linewidth is very small compared with normal lights. Secondly, a resonant system is formed by laser cavity. At resonance frequencies of this cavity, oscillation can occur. This further narrows the laser linewidth. So this makes laser light very pure in wavelength, we say it has the property of monochromaticity.
Some more properties of laser beams
Coherence
Coherence for EM wave is divided into spatial and temporal coherence. If two points are considered such that both lie on the same wave front of given EM wave, at time t=0. The phase difference at these points on EM wave at time t=0 is k0. For time t>0 if the EM wave phase difference at two points remains k0, we say that there is perfect coherence in EM wave between the two points. Having problem with Electric Current Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Now we take a fixed point on EM wave front. If the phase difference remains same at any time between time t and time t+dt, where "dt" denotes time delay period, the wave is said to have temporal coherence over time dt. If dt is any value, we called the EM wave to be perfect temporal coherence wave. The high coherent property of laser is used in measurement, holography, etc.
Divergence and Directionality
Laser beam has very small divergence and therefore, is highly directional. This shows that laser beam appear from resonant cavity and waves that propagate along optical axis are sustained in cavity. Light beam divergence angle describes the directionality.
From diffraction theory, the divergence angle` theta_(d)` is:
`theta_(d)= (beta lambda) /D`
Where l= wavelength, D= diameter of beam, b= coefficient of value around unity, Θ = divergence
Brightness
The power released per unit solid angle per unit surface area is known as the brightness of laser beam. If beam of laser has power P, cross section of beam has diameter D and Θ being the divergence angle then the resulting emission solid angle is πΘ2, and then brightness is given by:
`"B=(4P)/(pi D theta)^(2) ` .
Law of Conservation of Energy
Introduction to law of conservation of energy:
Law of conservation of energy is one of the greatest generalizations in physics. According to this law “energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes”. When we considered any system in its entirety, whether it is a simple as a swinging pendulum or as complex as an exploding galaxy, there is only one quantity that does not change; and i.e. energy. I like to share this Definition Kinetic Energy with you all through my article.
Explanation to law of conservation of energy
Energy may change form or it may be transferred from one place to the other, but the sum total of energy stays the same. For example:
i) The sun shines because some of its nuclear energy is transformed into radiant energy.
ii) In nuclear reactors, nuclear energy is transformed into heat and so on.
Please express your views of this topic 4 Kinematic Equations by commenting on blog.
Description to law of conservation of energy:
We are familiar with the potential energy of the body, which is due to its position or configuration. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its velocity is called kinetic energy of the body. The some of kinetic energy and the potential energy is called the total mechanical energy. In the absence of friction, (which is a non conservative force) the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant. The necessary condition for energy conservation is that internal forces must be conservative and the external forces should do no work. If non conservative internal forces operate within the system or external force do work on the system, mechanical energy changes. Einstein established mass energy equivalence, (E = mc2) and the law of conservation of mass was included in the law of conservation of energy itself. For example the mass of a bound system like a nucleolus is not exactly equal to the sum of masses of its constituents, the protons and neutrons. It is slightly less, by an amount equal to the binding energy (B.E.) divided by the square of the speed of light. Thus,
Mass of a bound system = some of the masses of its constituents - B.E./c^2.
Law of conservation of energy is one of the greatest generalizations in physics. According to this law “energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes”. When we considered any system in its entirety, whether it is a simple as a swinging pendulum or as complex as an exploding galaxy, there is only one quantity that does not change; and i.e. energy. I like to share this Definition Kinetic Energy with you all through my article.
Explanation to law of conservation of energy
Energy may change form or it may be transferred from one place to the other, but the sum total of energy stays the same. For example:
i) The sun shines because some of its nuclear energy is transformed into radiant energy.
ii) In nuclear reactors, nuclear energy is transformed into heat and so on.
Please express your views of this topic 4 Kinematic Equations by commenting on blog.
Description to law of conservation of energy:
We are familiar with the potential energy of the body, which is due to its position or configuration. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its velocity is called kinetic energy of the body. The some of kinetic energy and the potential energy is called the total mechanical energy. In the absence of friction, (which is a non conservative force) the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant. The necessary condition for energy conservation is that internal forces must be conservative and the external forces should do no work. If non conservative internal forces operate within the system or external force do work on the system, mechanical energy changes. Einstein established mass energy equivalence, (E = mc2) and the law of conservation of mass was included in the law of conservation of energy itself. For example the mass of a bound system like a nucleolus is not exactly equal to the sum of masses of its constituents, the protons and neutrons. It is slightly less, by an amount equal to the binding energy (B.E.) divided by the square of the speed of light. Thus,
Mass of a bound system = some of the masses of its constituents - B.E./c^2.
Friday, March 22, 2013
Magnetic Field Theory
When a voltage applied on coil then electro motive force induced in primary circuit. When electro motive force applied on secondary coil then it induced current and these current is called induced current.
According to Magnetic flux, a magnetic line passes on surface and penetrates the magnetic area. When a magnetic field applied on the coil then induced Magnetic Flux through a Coil and total number of magnetic lines of forces passing through a magnetic area in circuit. The SI Unit of Magnetic Flux is Weber. Magnetic Flux Equation defines as measure strength of magnetic field around a magnet. Please express your views of this topic Dipole Magnetic Field by commenting on blog.
In this a core is used it is magnetic core and when it is induced in magnetic field then current induced in circuit and similarly if current induced in circuit then magnetic field produces in circuit.
Magnetic flux density defines as magnitude of magnetic field per unit area. In a closed surface area magnetic field induced in circuit is zero. Magnetic Induction Lighting is the example of magnetic flux property in lamp. If magnetic flux lines passing through a surface in one direction then it is positive and when magnetic lines of forces passes in opposite direction then it show negative direction in magnetic flux.
The amount of magnetic lines of forces passing through perpendicular in the direction then it is called magnetic flux density. The Units of Magnetic Flux Density is Tesla. Magnetic flux density is also called magnetic induction. Magnetic flux density defines as multiplication of magnetic field strength and magnetic permeability. Magnetic flux density is a vector quantity and it shows magnitude and direction both.
Magnet used has two poles north pole and South Pole. The Magnetic flux of lines formed in magnetic field and they flow from the North Pole to the South Pole in the direction and formation of closed loop in the system. If same poles touching each other then repel occurs in magnet and if both opposite poles touches each other then attraction occurs in magnet.
Having problem with cross product formulas keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
When an induced electric current applied in magnetic area then it produces magnetism property and similarly when a magnetic line of forces or magnetic flux applied on electric field then electro motive forces produces in circuit.
Magnetic field and electric field are perpendicular to each other and parallel to propagation of waves. We use Thumb Rule for measuring the direction of magnetic field, direction of electric field and direction of propagation of waves.
According to Magnetic flux, a magnetic line passes on surface and penetrates the magnetic area. When a magnetic field applied on the coil then induced Magnetic Flux through a Coil and total number of magnetic lines of forces passing through a magnetic area in circuit. The SI Unit of Magnetic Flux is Weber. Magnetic Flux Equation defines as measure strength of magnetic field around a magnet. Please express your views of this topic Dipole Magnetic Field by commenting on blog.
In this a core is used it is magnetic core and when it is induced in magnetic field then current induced in circuit and similarly if current induced in circuit then magnetic field produces in circuit.
Magnetic flux density defines as magnitude of magnetic field per unit area. In a closed surface area magnetic field induced in circuit is zero. Magnetic Induction Lighting is the example of magnetic flux property in lamp. If magnetic flux lines passing through a surface in one direction then it is positive and when magnetic lines of forces passes in opposite direction then it show negative direction in magnetic flux.
The amount of magnetic lines of forces passing through perpendicular in the direction then it is called magnetic flux density. The Units of Magnetic Flux Density is Tesla. Magnetic flux density is also called magnetic induction. Magnetic flux density defines as multiplication of magnetic field strength and magnetic permeability. Magnetic flux density is a vector quantity and it shows magnitude and direction both.
Magnet used has two poles north pole and South Pole. The Magnetic flux of lines formed in magnetic field and they flow from the North Pole to the South Pole in the direction and formation of closed loop in the system. If same poles touching each other then repel occurs in magnet and if both opposite poles touches each other then attraction occurs in magnet.
Having problem with cross product formulas keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
When an induced electric current applied in magnetic area then it produces magnetism property and similarly when a magnetic line of forces or magnetic flux applied on electric field then electro motive forces produces in circuit.
Magnetic field and electric field are perpendicular to each other and parallel to propagation of waves. We use Thumb Rule for measuring the direction of magnetic field, direction of electric field and direction of propagation of waves.
Luminous Intensity
The intensity emitted by the surface area of one cm² or one m² of the light source is known as Luminance (L). Mathematically it can be written as;
L=I/S
Where;
I = Luminous intensity
S =Area of the source surface
Luminance can be expressed as cd/m² or cd/cm² or lm/cm² or Lambert. The value of luminance indicates glare and discomfort to see a lighting source. For example the luminance value for sun is very high or very less for a small lamp. I like to share this de broglie wavelength problems with you all through my article.
The quantity of the energy of the light emitted per second in all directions is known as Luminous flux which can be expressed as lumen (lm). The ability to emit light into a given direction is known as Luminous Intensity. In other words; this intensity can be defined as the luminous flux which is radiated by the light source in a given direction within the unit of the spatial angel and can be expressed as candela.
I=Ø/ß
Where;
Ø = Luminous flux
ß= Small spatial angel
I = Luminous intensity
Let’s define Luminosity. The Definition of Luminosity states that it is the criteria that how much energy is coming from the object in one second. It is expressed in watts (W). Generally astronomers use another term for measurement that is known as absolute magnitude which is based on a ratio scale.
The value of luminosity for the Sun is 3.9 x 1026 W while for starts, it is around5.2 x Lsun, therefore the star has 5.2 times more energy output per second of the Sun.
The intensity of the starlight is called as apparent brightness or the flux of light. It is measured in watts per square meter (W/m2).
The Luminosity Equation for star can be written as;
L = (4?d2) b
Where;
L = luminosity of the star
d = distance to the star
b= brightness of the star
The Luminosity Distance can calculate by using given equation;
b= L/ 4?d2
Or d2 = L/ 4?b
Or d= vL/4?b
Having problem with Ferromagnetism Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Fundamentally the ‘L’ value for a body or object like for star depends upon two factors; the effective temperature, Teff and the size or radius (R) of the star. The temperature of a black body depends upon the radiations emitted by it. As the temperature increases; the rate of radiates power output per unit surface area also increase. You can observe this in the filament of light bulb; as it gets hotter it gets brighter and emits more energy. The relation between the power radiated by a black body per unit surface area and effective temperature, Teff is as given below;
l ? T4 or l = sT4
Where s is a constant known as Stefan-Boltzmann constant and its value is 5.67 × 10-8 W m-2 K-4.
L=I/S
Where;
I = Luminous intensity
S =Area of the source surface
Luminance can be expressed as cd/m² or cd/cm² or lm/cm² or Lambert. The value of luminance indicates glare and discomfort to see a lighting source. For example the luminance value for sun is very high or very less for a small lamp. I like to share this de broglie wavelength problems with you all through my article.
The quantity of the energy of the light emitted per second in all directions is known as Luminous flux which can be expressed as lumen (lm). The ability to emit light into a given direction is known as Luminous Intensity. In other words; this intensity can be defined as the luminous flux which is radiated by the light source in a given direction within the unit of the spatial angel and can be expressed as candela.
I=Ø/ß
Where;
Ø = Luminous flux
ß= Small spatial angel
I = Luminous intensity
Let’s define Luminosity. The Definition of Luminosity states that it is the criteria that how much energy is coming from the object in one second. It is expressed in watts (W). Generally astronomers use another term for measurement that is known as absolute magnitude which is based on a ratio scale.
The value of luminosity for the Sun is 3.9 x 1026 W while for starts, it is around5.2 x Lsun, therefore the star has 5.2 times more energy output per second of the Sun.
The intensity of the starlight is called as apparent brightness or the flux of light. It is measured in watts per square meter (W/m2).
The Luminosity Equation for star can be written as;
L = (4?d2) b
Where;
L = luminosity of the star
d = distance to the star
b= brightness of the star
The Luminosity Distance can calculate by using given equation;
b= L/ 4?d2
Or d2 = L/ 4?b
Or d= vL/4?b
Having problem with Ferromagnetism Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Fundamentally the ‘L’ value for a body or object like for star depends upon two factors; the effective temperature, Teff and the size or radius (R) of the star. The temperature of a black body depends upon the radiations emitted by it. As the temperature increases; the rate of radiates power output per unit surface area also increase. You can observe this in the filament of light bulb; as it gets hotter it gets brighter and emits more energy. The relation between the power radiated by a black body per unit surface area and effective temperature, Teff is as given below;
l ? T4 or l = sT4
Where s is a constant known as Stefan-Boltzmann constant and its value is 5.67 × 10-8 W m-2 K-4.
Wednesday, March 13, 2013
Ways Friction Can Be Helpful
Friction is defined as the force which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces which are in contact with each other. There are three types of friction namely static friction, dynamic friction and rolling friction.
· Static friction – The frictional force which exists when there is no relative motion is called the static friction. The force which makes the surface just to slide, is called limiting friction.
· Dynamic or sliding friction – the frictional force that exists between the two surfaces when there is a relative motion between them is called dynamic friction.
· Rolling friction – The frictional force that exists between he two surfaces when there is a rolling motion between them is called rolling friction. I like to share this Emp Electromagnetic Pulse with you all through my article.
Examples
Advantages of friction
It is often thought that friction is a nuisance and that it should be reduced to a minimum. However a frictionless world would not at all be convenient. Most of the daily activities are dependent on friction. They are:
1) Without friction the objects would slide of the table unless it is perfectly horizontal.
2) It would be difficult to sit on a a chair without friction
3) Friction helps in supporting a ladder inclined to a wall
4) Friction provides reaction to move car and train
5) Brakes ina vehicle depend on friction
6) We would not be able to walk if there had been no friction between the sole of our shoes and the ground
7) It is the friction between the belt and the pulley that helps in the rotation of various parts of a machine.
8) A billiard player depends on the force of friction between the ball and the end of his cue for a good shot.
Having problem with Elastic Potential Energy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
conclusion
Thus we see that friction is also a blessing in disguise and forms an inevitable part of one's life
· Static friction – The frictional force which exists when there is no relative motion is called the static friction. The force which makes the surface just to slide, is called limiting friction.
· Dynamic or sliding friction – the frictional force that exists between the two surfaces when there is a relative motion between them is called dynamic friction.
· Rolling friction – The frictional force that exists between he two surfaces when there is a rolling motion between them is called rolling friction. I like to share this Emp Electromagnetic Pulse with you all through my article.
Examples
Advantages of friction
It is often thought that friction is a nuisance and that it should be reduced to a minimum. However a frictionless world would not at all be convenient. Most of the daily activities are dependent on friction. They are:
1) Without friction the objects would slide of the table unless it is perfectly horizontal.
2) It would be difficult to sit on a a chair without friction
3) Friction helps in supporting a ladder inclined to a wall
4) Friction provides reaction to move car and train
5) Brakes ina vehicle depend on friction
6) We would not be able to walk if there had been no friction between the sole of our shoes and the ground
7) It is the friction between the belt and the pulley that helps in the rotation of various parts of a machine.
8) A billiard player depends on the force of friction between the ball and the end of his cue for a good shot.
Having problem with Elastic Potential Energy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
conclusion
Thus we see that friction is also a blessing in disguise and forms an inevitable part of one's life
Water Vapor Evaporation
Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid, that occurs only on the surface of a liquid. The other type of vaporization is boiling, that instead occurs on the entire mass of the liquid. Evaporation is also part of the water cycle. Having problem with Emp Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Please express your views of this topic Define Emp by commenting on blog.
Evaporation is a type of phase transition; it is the process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g. water) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g. water vapor). Generally, evaporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a liquid from a substance when exposed to a significant volume of gas. Vaporization and evaporation however, are not entirely the same processes.[citation needed]
On average, the molecules in a glass of water do not have enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. With sufficient heat, the liquid would turn into vapor quickly (see boiling point). When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each other in varying degrees, based on how they collide. Sometimes the transfer is so one-sided for a molecule near the surface that it ends up with enough energy to escape.
Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas (e.g. cooking oil at room temperature) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into vapor. However, these liquids are evaporating. It is just that the process is much slower and thus significantly less visible.
Is this topic formula for angular velocity hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapor which rises up and forms clouds
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces.[1] Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state and the vapor state. Instead, there is a Knudsen layer, where the phase is undetermined. Because this layer is only a few molecules thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface can be seen.
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid, that occurs only on the surface of a liquid. The other type of vaporization is boiling, that instead occurs on the entire mass of the liquid. Evaporation is also part of the water cycle. Having problem with Emp Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Please express your views of this topic Define Emp by commenting on blog.
Evaporation is a type of phase transition; it is the process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g. water) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g. water vapor). Generally, evaporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a liquid from a substance when exposed to a significant volume of gas. Vaporization and evaporation however, are not entirely the same processes.[citation needed]
On average, the molecules in a glass of water do not have enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. With sufficient heat, the liquid would turn into vapor quickly (see boiling point). When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each other in varying degrees, based on how they collide. Sometimes the transfer is so one-sided for a molecule near the surface that it ends up with enough energy to escape.
Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas (e.g. cooking oil at room temperature) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into vapor. However, these liquids are evaporating. It is just that the process is much slower and thus significantly less visible.
Is this topic formula for angular velocity hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapor which rises up and forms clouds
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces.[1] Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state and the vapor state. Instead, there is a Knudsen layer, where the phase is undetermined. Because this layer is only a few molecules thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface can be seen.
Voltage Variable Frequency
Introduction to variable frequency
A variable-frequency drive can be a method used for calculating the rotating speed of an modulating current AC electric motor through calculating the frequency of the electrical control completed near the motor. A variable frequency force can be an exact kind of adjustable-speed force. Variable-frequency drive be too identified since adjustable-frequency drive. Because the voltage is different alongside through frequency, these are now and then as well call variable voltage frequency drives. Please express your views of this topic Emp Bomb Effects by commenting on blog.
Details about the voltage variable frequency
Every variable frequency uses their production devices just since switch, rotating them just lying on or else off.
Use a linear tool for instance a transistor within its linear mode be not practical, because the control degenerate within these strategy possible concerning since, greatly the control deliver towards the weight.
Drive can be classified as the following:
unvarying voltage
unvarying current
Cycloconverter
During an unvarying voltage converter, the intermediary DC connection voltage remains constant through every output cycle. During unvarying current make, a great inductor is located among the say rectifiers by the output connection, thus the current deliver be just about constant. Is this topic equation for angular velocity hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
The majority general type of package VF drive is the constant-voltage type, with pulse size modulation toward manage mutually the frequency through efficient voltage apply near the motor weight.
Voltage variable frequency motor
Motor use in a variable frequency system is typically a three stage induction motor. Various types of single-phase motors are able to be use, but three-phase motors are typically chosen. Different types of synchronous motors present recompense within several situations, except induction motors be appropriate meant for the majority purpose among are usually the majority inexpensive option. Motors to be intended used for fixed-speed action be regularly used. Assured enhancement near the normal motor designs suggests advanced consistency through enhanced VFD presentation.
Voltage variable frequency operative interface
The operative interface, as well usually recognized when a Human Machine Interface, provide a way meant for an operator on the way to create with discontinue the motor also correct the working speed. Added operator control functions may contain reverse with switch among physical velocity alteration with routine organize as of an exterior procedure manage signal. The operator interface frequently containing an alphanumeric show.
A variable-frequency drive can be a method used for calculating the rotating speed of an modulating current AC electric motor through calculating the frequency of the electrical control completed near the motor. A variable frequency force can be an exact kind of adjustable-speed force. Variable-frequency drive be too identified since adjustable-frequency drive. Because the voltage is different alongside through frequency, these are now and then as well call variable voltage frequency drives. Please express your views of this topic Emp Bomb Effects by commenting on blog.
Details about the voltage variable frequency
Every variable frequency uses their production devices just since switch, rotating them just lying on or else off.
Use a linear tool for instance a transistor within its linear mode be not practical, because the control degenerate within these strategy possible concerning since, greatly the control deliver towards the weight.
Drive can be classified as the following:
unvarying voltage
unvarying current
Cycloconverter
During an unvarying voltage converter, the intermediary DC connection voltage remains constant through every output cycle. During unvarying current make, a great inductor is located among the say rectifiers by the output connection, thus the current deliver be just about constant. Is this topic equation for angular velocity hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
The majority general type of package VF drive is the constant-voltage type, with pulse size modulation toward manage mutually the frequency through efficient voltage apply near the motor weight.
Voltage variable frequency motor
Motor use in a variable frequency system is typically a three stage induction motor. Various types of single-phase motors are able to be use, but three-phase motors are typically chosen. Different types of synchronous motors present recompense within several situations, except induction motors be appropriate meant for the majority purpose among are usually the majority inexpensive option. Motors to be intended used for fixed-speed action be regularly used. Assured enhancement near the normal motor designs suggests advanced consistency through enhanced VFD presentation.
Voltage variable frequency operative interface
The operative interface, as well usually recognized when a Human Machine Interface, provide a way meant for an operator on the way to create with discontinue the motor also correct the working speed. Added operator control functions may contain reverse with switch among physical velocity alteration with routine organize as of an exterior procedure manage signal. The operator interface frequently containing an alphanumeric show.
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
Power Transmission Transformer
Introduction:
Let us see the introduction about power transmission transformer. The power transformer is an electrical device and the main function of the power transformer is used to transfer the power from transmission line. The power transmission transformer is used to transfer the power takes place with or without the change. Let us see the explanation of power transmission transformer. Is this topic Flexible Magnetic Strip hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Explanation of Power Transmission Transformer:
A power transmission transformer is used to change the amplitude of the high frequency pulses by the number of turn’s ratio in the transformer. The power transmission transformers are due to high electrical energy from high voltage transmission.
The power transmission has made a long –distance and the voltage will be stepped up with the help of set up transformer. The alternating current is mostly used for the transmission lines.
Set up Transformer:
The step up transformer made a long - distance transmission of a power is stepped up the voltages. The set up transformer is used to transfer the high voltage winding from the low voltage winding. The number of windings of secondary coil is greater than the number of windings of primary coil.
Set down Transformer:
In power transmission transformer has a long - distance transmission of a power is stepped down the voltages. The number of windings of primary coil is greater than the number of windings of secondary coil. The step down transformer is used to step down the input voltages. The step down transformer is used to change the update technology. I like to share this electrical formula with you all through my article.
Uses of Power Transmission Transformer:
The power transformer is used to reduce the high voltage lost of long –transmission lines.
The operational limitations of the power transformer are mostly used for the urban areas.
The overhead lines are transmitted the power through power transformer.
These are uses of power transmission transformer.
Let us see the introduction about power transmission transformer. The power transformer is an electrical device and the main function of the power transformer is used to transfer the power from transmission line. The power transmission transformer is used to transfer the power takes place with or without the change. Let us see the explanation of power transmission transformer. Is this topic Flexible Magnetic Strip hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Explanation of Power Transmission Transformer:
A power transmission transformer is used to change the amplitude of the high frequency pulses by the number of turn’s ratio in the transformer. The power transmission transformers are due to high electrical energy from high voltage transmission.
The power transmission has made a long –distance and the voltage will be stepped up with the help of set up transformer. The alternating current is mostly used for the transmission lines.
Set up Transformer:
The step up transformer made a long - distance transmission of a power is stepped up the voltages. The set up transformer is used to transfer the high voltage winding from the low voltage winding. The number of windings of secondary coil is greater than the number of windings of primary coil.
Set down Transformer:
In power transmission transformer has a long - distance transmission of a power is stepped down the voltages. The number of windings of primary coil is greater than the number of windings of secondary coil. The step down transformer is used to step down the input voltages. The step down transformer is used to change the update technology. I like to share this electrical formula with you all through my article.
Uses of Power Transmission Transformer:
The power transformer is used to reduce the high voltage lost of long –transmission lines.
The operational limitations of the power transformer are mostly used for the urban areas.
The overhead lines are transmitted the power through power transformer.
These are uses of power transmission transformer.
The Solar System Today
The solar system consists of the sun, its planets and their moons and some other heavenly bodies such as asteroids, comets etc.
The sun is like any other star in the sky. It’s surrounded by 9 planets. A planet is a heavenly body which revolves around the sun in a definite orbit. Every planet has its own moon, there are in total 59 satellites revolving around the planets. The sun is our nearest star. It’s the brightest object in the sky because of the relative nearness to us. The sun is at a distance of 8 light minutes from the earth, i.e. it takes about 8 minutes for light to travel from sun to earth. Having problem with doppler shift equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
The Sun
The sun is a hot sphere of gas consisting of 74% hydrogen, 25% helium and 1% other elements. The sun’s outer layers, together known as the atmosphere consists of three different zones: the photosphere, the chromospheres and the corona. The corona forms the outermost zone followed by chromospheres and the photosphere. Sun produces energy by fusion and the temperature of the sun is 5800 K.
Please express your views of this topic Definition of Longitudinal Wave by commenting on blog.
Planets of the solar system
Out of the nine planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are small planets and their orbits are close to sun. These planets are called the inner planets or the terrestrial planets. The other five planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto (no longer recognized as a planet) are called the outer planets or the Jovian planets. The orbits of all the planets are in the same plane except for Pluto which is in a different plane. The time taken for completing one revolution around the sun is called the period of revolution and the time to complete one full rotation is called the period of rotation. Planets are not self luminous i.e. they don’t have their own light. They shine only by reflecting the sun’s light.
The sun is like any other star in the sky. It’s surrounded by 9 planets. A planet is a heavenly body which revolves around the sun in a definite orbit. Every planet has its own moon, there are in total 59 satellites revolving around the planets. The sun is our nearest star. It’s the brightest object in the sky because of the relative nearness to us. The sun is at a distance of 8 light minutes from the earth, i.e. it takes about 8 minutes for light to travel from sun to earth. Having problem with doppler shift equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
The Sun
The sun is a hot sphere of gas consisting of 74% hydrogen, 25% helium and 1% other elements. The sun’s outer layers, together known as the atmosphere consists of three different zones: the photosphere, the chromospheres and the corona. The corona forms the outermost zone followed by chromospheres and the photosphere. Sun produces energy by fusion and the temperature of the sun is 5800 K.
Please express your views of this topic Definition of Longitudinal Wave by commenting on blog.
Planets of the solar system
Out of the nine planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are small planets and their orbits are close to sun. These planets are called the inner planets or the terrestrial planets. The other five planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto (no longer recognized as a planet) are called the outer planets or the Jovian planets. The orbits of all the planets are in the same plane except for Pluto which is in a different plane. The time taken for completing one revolution around the sun is called the period of revolution and the time to complete one full rotation is called the period of rotation. Planets are not self luminous i.e. they don’t have their own light. They shine only by reflecting the sun’s light.
Standing Transverse Wave
Introduction on standing transverse wave:
When two simple harmonic waves of same amplitude and frequency travelling in opposite directions with the same speed in a straight line superimpose then the resultant wave obtained does not appear to travel in any direction. Such waves are called as standing waves.
There are two types of standing waves.
(i) Standing Transverse waves
(ii) Longitudinal standing waves.
Please express your views of this topic Formula for Angular Acceleration by commenting on blog.
Definition Standing Transverse Waves:
Standing transverse waves are produced by the superposition of two transverse waves of same amplitude and same frequency travelling in opposite directions with the same speed. For example, the waves produced in a stretched string are standing transverse waves. Standing transverse waves are also called as stationary transverse waves. Is this topic Wavelength to Frequency Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Characteristics of Standing Transverse Waves:
(i) Standing transverse waves are produced in a bounded medium and the boundaries of the bounded medium may be rigid or free.
(ii) In standing transverse waves, nodes and anti nodes are forms alternatively. nodes are the points which always are in rest and having maximum strain. Anti nodes are the points where the particles vibrate with maximum amplitude and having maximum strain.
(iii) All the particles in the standing transverse waves vibrates simple harmonically with the same time period except nodes.
(iv) In standing transverse waves, the amplitude of vibration gradually increases from zero to maximum from nodes to anti nodes.
(v) All the particles in the standing transverse waves in the one segment vibrate in the same phase, but the particles in the adjacent segments differ in phase by 180°, i.e, they are in opposite phase.
(vi) All the particles in the standing transverse waves, the distance between two successive nodes or anti nodes is equal to half of the wavelength.
(vii)In the standing transverse waves, all the points of the medium pass through their position simultaneously twice in each period.
(viii) In the standing transverse waves, velocity of the particles while crossing mean position varies from maximum to zero from anti nodes to nodes.
(ix) In the standing transverse wave, the medium is splited into two segments and each segment is vibrating up and down as a whole.
(x) Standing transverse wave does not transfer energy in the medium.
When two simple harmonic waves of same amplitude and frequency travelling in opposite directions with the same speed in a straight line superimpose then the resultant wave obtained does not appear to travel in any direction. Such waves are called as standing waves.
There are two types of standing waves.
(i) Standing Transverse waves
(ii) Longitudinal standing waves.
Please express your views of this topic Formula for Angular Acceleration by commenting on blog.
Definition Standing Transverse Waves:
Standing transverse waves are produced by the superposition of two transverse waves of same amplitude and same frequency travelling in opposite directions with the same speed. For example, the waves produced in a stretched string are standing transverse waves. Standing transverse waves are also called as stationary transverse waves. Is this topic Wavelength to Frequency Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Characteristics of Standing Transverse Waves:
(i) Standing transverse waves are produced in a bounded medium and the boundaries of the bounded medium may be rigid or free.
(ii) In standing transverse waves, nodes and anti nodes are forms alternatively. nodes are the points which always are in rest and having maximum strain. Anti nodes are the points where the particles vibrate with maximum amplitude and having maximum strain.
(iii) All the particles in the standing transverse waves vibrates simple harmonically with the same time period except nodes.
(iv) In standing transverse waves, the amplitude of vibration gradually increases from zero to maximum from nodes to anti nodes.
(v) All the particles in the standing transverse waves in the one segment vibrate in the same phase, but the particles in the adjacent segments differ in phase by 180°, i.e, they are in opposite phase.
(vi) All the particles in the standing transverse waves, the distance between two successive nodes or anti nodes is equal to half of the wavelength.
(vii)In the standing transverse waves, all the points of the medium pass through their position simultaneously twice in each period.
(viii) In the standing transverse waves, velocity of the particles while crossing mean position varies from maximum to zero from anti nodes to nodes.
(ix) In the standing transverse wave, the medium is splited into two segments and each segment is vibrating up and down as a whole.
(x) Standing transverse wave does not transfer energy in the medium.
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