Introduction to wind energy transformation:
Wind power is generated by harnessing the wind energy to generate the power and is upcoming energy source. Wind power also serving as a important source to meet the increasing power demand.
The turbine’s rotor blades rotate when the wind hits the blades and rotates this convert the wind energy into kinetic energy. This Kinetic energy of blades makes the generator rotor to spin according to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction the kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy. After the conversion of wind energy into electrical energy, the electrical energy is made to transmit through power cables in the turbine down’s and then to turbine tower .entering into power transmission. The wind generated power depends on the wind speed. The lesser is the wind speed; less is electrical energy it will generate. A wind farm consists of more than one wind turbines. The wind power of individual turbine is accumulated at the other end
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Wind mill:
Foundation: The wind turbine should be placed to withstand the storm and rotate the turbine based on the velocity of wind
Tower: power generation is situated in the tower and is transmitted using power cables.
Rotor: wind turbines basically consist of three blades attached to rotor and ensured that it can withstand high velocity winds and freely rotate.
Each wind mill or turbine has an internal computer system that will monitor the look into the direction and speed of the wind. It also sets up the internal operation when the speed fluctuates and doesn’t affect the power generate infrequently
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Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy:
Advantages of wind energy:
One of the major advantages is that it doesn’t result in output anything harm to environment. .
Wind farms need less fossil fuel to generate electricity,
Disadvantages of wind energy:
Though the wind energy is a greatly environmental friendly option to generate
Power, a lot of turbines are needed to install in one place in order to generate more power for to meet the power demand.
Negative visual impact is Landscape and is noisy.
Sunday, June 9, 2013
4 Physical Properties of Matter
Introduction to Physical Properties of Matter:
The physical property of the matter is nothing but the property of the matter which can be measured or observed without changing the identity of the matter. But the most important and widely changing physical properties are color, odor, shape and size. Now we describe these four properties below.
My forthcoming post is on Calculating Specific Heat, Free Fall Formulas will give you more understanding about Physics.
Various Physical property of Matter:
Color
Color is the first and the basic physical property of matter as it changes from body to body even if the matter exists in the same state. For example in case of the solids the color of different solids are different which is due to there sensitivity of reflection and in case of the liquids the liquids also have different color but the water is the specific liquid which has the color same as we want to be the color of the water. In case of the gases we are unable to know the color of gases as they are not seen by us the color of gases is identified using their flame color.
Odor
The odor is also an important property of the matter and it suggest us the type of the matter. If the matter has a bad odor than one suggest that the matter is bad and hence one cannot stay in touch with the matter. The solids have different odor depending on their type. The liquid generally does not have the odor but some liquid possess it after reacting with the air or other liquids or substances. The gases are odor less.
Shape
The shape of the matter is different. In case of the solids they have specific shape and this is due to regular arrangement of the atoms in the solids. Whereas in case of liquid and gas there is no particular shape and hence shape of liquids and gases varies depending upon the shape of the vessel.
Size
The size is the least known property of the matter as it cannot affect the matter a lot. Because the size of the solid is depends on the user choice but there is no such size term related to the liquids and gases.
Conclusion for the Physical Properties of Matter
From the discussion on 4 physical properties of matter, we can conclude that there are various physical properties of matter and few of which we explained are common and plays vital role in differentiating one from another. It helps in analysis and study of existence of various forms of matter with varying properties.
The physical property of the matter is nothing but the property of the matter which can be measured or observed without changing the identity of the matter. But the most important and widely changing physical properties are color, odor, shape and size. Now we describe these four properties below.
My forthcoming post is on Calculating Specific Heat, Free Fall Formulas will give you more understanding about Physics.
Various Physical property of Matter:
Color
Color is the first and the basic physical property of matter as it changes from body to body even if the matter exists in the same state. For example in case of the solids the color of different solids are different which is due to there sensitivity of reflection and in case of the liquids the liquids also have different color but the water is the specific liquid which has the color same as we want to be the color of the water. In case of the gases we are unable to know the color of gases as they are not seen by us the color of gases is identified using their flame color.
Odor
The odor is also an important property of the matter and it suggest us the type of the matter. If the matter has a bad odor than one suggest that the matter is bad and hence one cannot stay in touch with the matter. The solids have different odor depending on their type. The liquid generally does not have the odor but some liquid possess it after reacting with the air or other liquids or substances. The gases are odor less.
Shape
The shape of the matter is different. In case of the solids they have specific shape and this is due to regular arrangement of the atoms in the solids. Whereas in case of liquid and gas there is no particular shape and hence shape of liquids and gases varies depending upon the shape of the vessel.
Size
The size is the least known property of the matter as it cannot affect the matter a lot. Because the size of the solid is depends on the user choice but there is no such size term related to the liquids and gases.
Conclusion for the Physical Properties of Matter
From the discussion on 4 physical properties of matter, we can conclude that there are various physical properties of matter and few of which we explained are common and plays vital role in differentiating one from another. It helps in analysis and study of existence of various forms of matter with varying properties.
5 Different Forms of Energy
Introduction to 5 different forms of energy:
It is often said that a person A is more energetic than a person B. The meaning of this statement is that a person A can do more work than the person B. Person A is said to have more energy. Energy is needed to do some work. After doing a lot of work, one feels tired and need more energy. Thus, anything which is capable of doing work has energy. The capacity of doing work by a body or an object is known as the energy of the body or the object.
Different Types of Energy:
Kinetic Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is known as kinetic energy. For example a moving bus, Moving bullets, flowing water etc.
Potential Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or shape, is known as Potential energy. For example water stored in a dam , a stone lying on the top of hill, a wound spring of a watch, a stretched bow and arrow etc.
Physics is widely used in day to day activities watch out for my forthcoming posts on Rotational Kinetic Energy Formula and Kinetic Energy Equation. I am sure they will be helpful.
5 different forms of energy :
mechanical energy describes the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system. Mechanical energy is the energy associated with the motion or position of an objectHeat or Thermal Energy- The energy possessed by a body due to its temperature is known as heat energy. For example energy of hot water, energy of hot air etc.The ultimate source of thermal energy available to mankind is the sun, the huge therm-nuclear furnace that supplies the earth with the heat and light that are essential to life
Chemical Energy- The energy released in chemical reactions is known as chemical energy.
Sound Energy- The energy of a vibrating object producing sound is known as Sound energy.
Electrical Energy- The energy of moving electrons in a conductor connected with a battery is known as electrical energy.
Nuclear Energy- The energy released when two nuclei of light elements combine with each other to form a heavy nucleus or when a heavy nucleus breaks into two light nuclei is known as nuclear energy.
5. Solar Energy- The energy radiated by the sun is known as Solar energy
It is often said that a person A is more energetic than a person B. The meaning of this statement is that a person A can do more work than the person B. Person A is said to have more energy. Energy is needed to do some work. After doing a lot of work, one feels tired and need more energy. Thus, anything which is capable of doing work has energy. The capacity of doing work by a body or an object is known as the energy of the body or the object.
Different Types of Energy:
Kinetic Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is known as kinetic energy. For example a moving bus, Moving bullets, flowing water etc.
Potential Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or shape, is known as Potential energy. For example water stored in a dam , a stone lying on the top of hill, a wound spring of a watch, a stretched bow and arrow etc.
Physics is widely used in day to day activities watch out for my forthcoming posts on Rotational Kinetic Energy Formula and Kinetic Energy Equation. I am sure they will be helpful.
5 different forms of energy :
mechanical energy describes the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system. Mechanical energy is the energy associated with the motion or position of an objectHeat or Thermal Energy- The energy possessed by a body due to its temperature is known as heat energy. For example energy of hot water, energy of hot air etc.The ultimate source of thermal energy available to mankind is the sun, the huge therm-nuclear furnace that supplies the earth with the heat and light that are essential to life
Chemical Energy- The energy released in chemical reactions is known as chemical energy.
Sound Energy- The energy of a vibrating object producing sound is known as Sound energy.
Electrical Energy- The energy of moving electrons in a conductor connected with a battery is known as electrical energy.
Nuclear Energy- The energy released when two nuclei of light elements combine with each other to form a heavy nucleus or when a heavy nucleus breaks into two light nuclei is known as nuclear energy.
5. Solar Energy- The energy radiated by the sun is known as Solar energy
Thursday, June 6, 2013
Wind Sound Effect
Introduction:
In the present day, the modern and high-tech life that we have built for comfort is not so harmless as it might look to be. The most culpable reason being the noise, i.e., the various sounds of varying frequencies that are we are exposed to. The effects which it has on our lives, bodies, etc are mind-boggling. Some that we know, others which are surfacing, yet others we never might get a chance to be aware of.
The effect of sound frequency variation depending on its origin and intentions, have different effects. In this article we shall discuss its various aspects.
Sound Frequency Effects
A sound wave is introduced into any medium by a vibrating object. This vibrating object is the source of the disturbance which travels through the medium. The ears of a human and most of the other animals are capable of detecting the fluctuations in air pressure which impinge upon the eardrum. Any sound with a frequency below the audible range of hearing (i.e., less than 20 Hertz) is known as an infrasound, as well as any sound with a frequency above the audible range of hearing (i.e., more than 20,000 Hertz) is known as an ultrasound. The sensation of any frequency is commonly known as the pitch of a sound. A Non-hearing related physiological and psychological effects may be caused by levels of low and high frequencies noises below or high than the individual hearing threshold
physics is widely used in day to day activities watch out for my forthcoming posts on Formula for Specific Heat and Velocity Formula. I am sure they will be helpful.
Sound Frequency Effects
Health effects of noise are the consequences of elevated sound levels on health . i)Elevated noise can cause hearing impairment, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, annoyance , premature ejaculation bowel movements, sleep disturbance, and decreased sexual performance.
ii) Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure, although evidence is limited.
iii) Though some Presbyterians may occur naturally with age, the cumulative impact of noise is enough to impair the hearing of a large selection of the population over their lifetime.
iv) Noise exposure also induces tinnitus, vasoconstriction and other cardiovascular impacts.
v) Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can lead to stress, increase workplace accident rates, and further aggression and other anti-social behaviors. The most noticeable causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise
In the present day, the modern and high-tech life that we have built for comfort is not so harmless as it might look to be. The most culpable reason being the noise, i.e., the various sounds of varying frequencies that are we are exposed to. The effects which it has on our lives, bodies, etc are mind-boggling. Some that we know, others which are surfacing, yet others we never might get a chance to be aware of.
The effect of sound frequency variation depending on its origin and intentions, have different effects. In this article we shall discuss its various aspects.
Sound Frequency Effects
A sound wave is introduced into any medium by a vibrating object. This vibrating object is the source of the disturbance which travels through the medium. The ears of a human and most of the other animals are capable of detecting the fluctuations in air pressure which impinge upon the eardrum. Any sound with a frequency below the audible range of hearing (i.e., less than 20 Hertz) is known as an infrasound, as well as any sound with a frequency above the audible range of hearing (i.e., more than 20,000 Hertz) is known as an ultrasound. The sensation of any frequency is commonly known as the pitch of a sound. A Non-hearing related physiological and psychological effects may be caused by levels of low and high frequencies noises below or high than the individual hearing threshold
physics is widely used in day to day activities watch out for my forthcoming posts on Formula for Specific Heat and Velocity Formula. I am sure they will be helpful.
Sound Frequency Effects
Health effects of noise are the consequences of elevated sound levels on health . i)Elevated noise can cause hearing impairment, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, annoyance , premature ejaculation bowel movements, sleep disturbance, and decreased sexual performance.
ii) Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure, although evidence is limited.
iii) Though some Presbyterians may occur naturally with age, the cumulative impact of noise is enough to impair the hearing of a large selection of the population over their lifetime.
iv) Noise exposure also induces tinnitus, vasoconstriction and other cardiovascular impacts.
v) Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can lead to stress, increase workplace accident rates, and further aggression and other anti-social behaviors. The most noticeable causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise
Using a Tuning Fork
Introduction to using a tuning fork:
In 1711, British musician John Shore made the tuning fork, which is an instrument made of steel consisting of a handle and two prongs. When struck, it emits tone of particular pitch. Due to their uncomplicated mechanical structure, steady frequency and cleanliness of tone, these tuning forks being used in musical acoustics as standards or principles of frequency. They can be made of aluminum, steel or space alloy. An electrical tuning fork can control the electric circuits as they can generate highly accurate and stable frequency standards. Basically, a tuning fork is a transverse vibrator.
Procedure to use a tuning fork
Grasp it firmly by its end without any tension in the arm and strike only one of the prongs about one-third of the way from the top. The "U" shape causes both sides to vibrate and produces a smooth sound wave.
Set it carefully while it is vibrating, on a hard surface like a chair or a table, which amplifies the pitch, for the musicians to tune up.
Uses of a tuning fork
The basic reason for the U-shape of the fork is that it produces a very pure tone; its vibrations being at the fundamental frequency in contrast to other resonators. The first overtone produces a frequency which is 6 1/4 times the fundamental which is 2 1/2 octaves above it. As the fork is struck, less energy goes into the overtone modes; leaving the fundamental which makes it easier to tune other instruments with this pure tone.
It is mainly used to tune other musical instruments, as a standard of pitch.
Tuning forks are used by medical practitioners to assess a patient's hearing. Low-pitch forks are used to check vibration sense in examining the peripheral nervous system.
Tuning forks play a role in various alternative medicines, such as polarity therapy and sonopuncture.
A number of keyboard musical instruments work on the same principle as tuning forks.
A radar gun, used to measure the speed of ball or cars in different sports, is calibrated with tuning forks of varied calibration speed and radar band.
Doubled and H-type of tuning forks are used for grading in Vibrating Gyroscopes.
Conclusion of using a tuning fork
It is used in school, institutes and research laboratories to study the effects of different sound tones. Depending on its dimensions and the material used frequency of a tuning fork can be ascertained.
In 1711, British musician John Shore made the tuning fork, which is an instrument made of steel consisting of a handle and two prongs. When struck, it emits tone of particular pitch. Due to their uncomplicated mechanical structure, steady frequency and cleanliness of tone, these tuning forks being used in musical acoustics as standards or principles of frequency. They can be made of aluminum, steel or space alloy. An electrical tuning fork can control the electric circuits as they can generate highly accurate and stable frequency standards. Basically, a tuning fork is a transverse vibrator.
Procedure to use a tuning fork
Grasp it firmly by its end without any tension in the arm and strike only one of the prongs about one-third of the way from the top. The "U" shape causes both sides to vibrate and produces a smooth sound wave.
Set it carefully while it is vibrating, on a hard surface like a chair or a table, which amplifies the pitch, for the musicians to tune up.
Uses of a tuning fork
The basic reason for the U-shape of the fork is that it produces a very pure tone; its vibrations being at the fundamental frequency in contrast to other resonators. The first overtone produces a frequency which is 6 1/4 times the fundamental which is 2 1/2 octaves above it. As the fork is struck, less energy goes into the overtone modes; leaving the fundamental which makes it easier to tune other instruments with this pure tone.
It is mainly used to tune other musical instruments, as a standard of pitch.
Tuning forks are used by medical practitioners to assess a patient's hearing. Low-pitch forks are used to check vibration sense in examining the peripheral nervous system.
Tuning forks play a role in various alternative medicines, such as polarity therapy and sonopuncture.
A number of keyboard musical instruments work on the same principle as tuning forks.
A radar gun, used to measure the speed of ball or cars in different sports, is calibrated with tuning forks of varied calibration speed and radar band.
Doubled and H-type of tuning forks are used for grading in Vibrating Gyroscopes.
Conclusion of using a tuning fork
It is used in school, institutes and research laboratories to study the effects of different sound tones. Depending on its dimensions and the material used frequency of a tuning fork can be ascertained.
Starter Motor Battery
Introduction to Starter Motor Battery
A starter motor is an electric motor which is used to turn over the engine to start. It controls the initially rotation of engine of a machine. It is a helping device to start the engine. A modern starter motor is either a permanent magnet or a direct current electric motor of series parallel windings and the solenoid of the starter which is attached to the shaft of the motor. A starter motor needs a very large amount of electric current to crank the engine of any machine. The starter is connected to the battery with heavy cables. The key driven starters or most of the electric starters has a pedal which is foot-pressing and located on the floor, generally above the accelerator pedal.
Starter Motor Battery description
The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the engine close to the starter. The positive terminal of the battery is connected to the solenoid of the starter. The starter solenoid works as the electrical switch which closes the circuit and at that time the battery is connected to the starter motor and instantly it pushes the gear and the engine’s wheel is in working mode or start rotating.
Between, if you have problem on these topics Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers, please browse expert science related websites for more help on Electrical Formulas.
Working of Starter Motor Battery
As we turn on the ignition key in Start position, the battery voltage goes through the starter circuit which controls the voltage and the solenoid of the starter is in working situation. Now the engine of the machine is in working condition. The starter works only when the machine is in the manual mode or the clutch is depressed mode. There is a neutral safety switch when the machine is nit in the mutual transmission mode. At the time when machine is not in mutual transmission mode the neutral safety switch open and the starter relay disconnect the starter control the circuit. If we turn the key to Start position of our car, we hear a sound but the car does not start, then the starting system is absolutely fine and check it may be the problem in other system. If we does not hear any sound of engine, so there is some problem in the starting system.
A starter motor is an electric motor which is used to turn over the engine to start. It controls the initially rotation of engine of a machine. It is a helping device to start the engine. A modern starter motor is either a permanent magnet or a direct current electric motor of series parallel windings and the solenoid of the starter which is attached to the shaft of the motor. A starter motor needs a very large amount of electric current to crank the engine of any machine. The starter is connected to the battery with heavy cables. The key driven starters or most of the electric starters has a pedal which is foot-pressing and located on the floor, generally above the accelerator pedal.
Starter Motor Battery description
The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the engine close to the starter. The positive terminal of the battery is connected to the solenoid of the starter. The starter solenoid works as the electrical switch which closes the circuit and at that time the battery is connected to the starter motor and instantly it pushes the gear and the engine’s wheel is in working mode or start rotating.
Between, if you have problem on these topics Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers, please browse expert science related websites for more help on Electrical Formulas.
Working of Starter Motor Battery
As we turn on the ignition key in Start position, the battery voltage goes through the starter circuit which controls the voltage and the solenoid of the starter is in working situation. Now the engine of the machine is in working condition. The starter works only when the machine is in the manual mode or the clutch is depressed mode. There is a neutral safety switch when the machine is nit in the mutual transmission mode. At the time when machine is not in mutual transmission mode the neutral safety switch open and the starter relay disconnect the starter control the circuit. If we turn the key to Start position of our car, we hear a sound but the car does not start, then the starting system is absolutely fine and check it may be the problem in other system. If we does not hear any sound of engine, so there is some problem in the starting system.
Magnetic Flux of a Solenoid
Introduction to magnetic flux of a solenoid
A solenoid consists of an insulating long wire closely wound in the form of a helix. Its length is very large as compared to its diameter. In a magnetic field the total number of magnetic lines of force crossing the solenoid measures the magnetic flux through any solenoid holds. To find the magnetic flux of a solenoid first we find the amount of magnetic field in a current carrying solenoid.
Please express your views of this topic Electric and Magnetic Fields by commenting on blog.
Magnetic field in a solenoid to find the magnetic flux of a solenoid
Consider a long solenoid of circular crossection. Let the number of turns per unit length is n and the current flowing in the solenoid id I. Now according to the Ampere’s circuital law, the amount of magnetic field linked across a solenoid is
B = `mu`0nI, where `mu`0 is the absolute permeability of free space.
This amount of magnetic filed is well inside the solenoid. The amount of magnetic field at the end of the solenoid is `mu`0nI/2. The magnetic field is a vector quantity, the SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla, and the CGS unit is Gauss. The relation between Tesla and gauss is
1Testla = 10000 Gauss
Magnetic flux of a solenoid
The number of magnetic lines of force crossing through the solenoid is called the magnetic flux linked with the solenoid. Let the magnetic field linked across the solenoid is B and the area of the crossection is A, then the amount of magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is
`phi` = B A Cos `theta` , where `theta` is the angle between the magnetic field vector and the area vector.
As we know that the magnetic field across the solenoid is B = `mu`0nI, so the magnetic flux linked across the solenoid is
`phi` = `mu`0nIA Cos `theta`, here if the angle between the magnetic field vector and the area vector is 0°, then the maximum magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is
`phi`= `mu`0nIA
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Magnetic flux of a Solenoid : Conclusion.
The magnetic flux is the dot product of magnetic field and the area vector so the magnetic flux is the scalar quantity. According to the formula of magnetic flux of a solenoid, we can conclude that the magnetic flux depends on the number of turns per unit length, amount of electric current flowing through the solenoid and the area of crossection of the solenoid.
A solenoid consists of an insulating long wire closely wound in the form of a helix. Its length is very large as compared to its diameter. In a magnetic field the total number of magnetic lines of force crossing the solenoid measures the magnetic flux through any solenoid holds. To find the magnetic flux of a solenoid first we find the amount of magnetic field in a current carrying solenoid.
Please express your views of this topic Electric and Magnetic Fields by commenting on blog.
Magnetic field in a solenoid to find the magnetic flux of a solenoid
Consider a long solenoid of circular crossection. Let the number of turns per unit length is n and the current flowing in the solenoid id I. Now according to the Ampere’s circuital law, the amount of magnetic field linked across a solenoid is
B = `mu`0nI, where `mu`0 is the absolute permeability of free space.
This amount of magnetic filed is well inside the solenoid. The amount of magnetic field at the end of the solenoid is `mu`0nI/2. The magnetic field is a vector quantity, the SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla, and the CGS unit is Gauss. The relation between Tesla and gauss is
1Testla = 10000 Gauss
Magnetic flux of a solenoid
The number of magnetic lines of force crossing through the solenoid is called the magnetic flux linked with the solenoid. Let the magnetic field linked across the solenoid is B and the area of the crossection is A, then the amount of magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is
`phi` = B A Cos `theta` , where `theta` is the angle between the magnetic field vector and the area vector.
As we know that the magnetic field across the solenoid is B = `mu`0nI, so the magnetic flux linked across the solenoid is
`phi` = `mu`0nIA Cos `theta`, here if the angle between the magnetic field vector and the area vector is 0°, then the maximum magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is
`phi`= `mu`0nIA
I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Equation for Force, But thank to online resources of science which helped me to learn myself easily on net.
Magnetic flux of a Solenoid : Conclusion.
The magnetic flux is the dot product of magnetic field and the area vector so the magnetic flux is the scalar quantity. According to the formula of magnetic flux of a solenoid, we can conclude that the magnetic flux depends on the number of turns per unit length, amount of electric current flowing through the solenoid and the area of crossection of the solenoid.
Mass and Weight Difference
Introduction to mass and weight difference:
WEIGHT :The earth attracts every object with a certain force and this force depends on the mass [m] of the object and the acceleration due to the gravity [g]. The weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth. As we know,
F = m x a or
F = m x g
The force of attraction of the earth on an object is known as weight of the object. It is denoted by W. Substituting the same in above equation, we have,
W = m x g
As the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards earth, the SI unit of weight is same as that of force, that is , Newton [ N]. The weight is the force acting vertically downwards; it has both magnitude and direction. The value of g is constant at a given place. Therefore at a given place, the weight of an object is directly proportional to the mass.
MASS :There is a resistance offered by an object to change its state of motion. If it is at rest it tends to remain at rest; if it is moving it tends to keep moving. This property of an object is called its inertia. Further, we know that it is easier to push an empty box than a box full of stones. Quantitatively, the inertia of an object is measured by its mass. "The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia." Greater the mass , greater is the inertia.
I am planning to write more post on Unit for Force, specific heat equation. Keep checking my blog.
Difference between the two mass and weight:
1. Mass is measure of inertia of an object whereas the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards earth.
2.Mass of an object tends to remain same whether the object is on earth, the moon or even in outer space. Thus, mass of an object is constant and does not change from place to place. On the other hand, Weight of an object depends upon the mass and gravitational force. So, it changes from place to place as the value of "g" is different at different places. It is not constant.
3.The SI unit of mass is Kg, while the SI unit of weight is Newton.
4.The weight is the force acting vertically downwards; it has both magnitude and direction.hence, it a vector quantity. But, mass only has magnitude but no direction so it is scalar quantity.
5. Mass of an object can never be Zero but weight of an object can be Zero as gravity at poles is zero.
WEIGHT :The earth attracts every object with a certain force and this force depends on the mass [m] of the object and the acceleration due to the gravity [g]. The weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth. As we know,
F = m x a or
F = m x g
The force of attraction of the earth on an object is known as weight of the object. It is denoted by W. Substituting the same in above equation, we have,
W = m x g
As the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards earth, the SI unit of weight is same as that of force, that is , Newton [ N]. The weight is the force acting vertically downwards; it has both magnitude and direction. The value of g is constant at a given place. Therefore at a given place, the weight of an object is directly proportional to the mass.
MASS :There is a resistance offered by an object to change its state of motion. If it is at rest it tends to remain at rest; if it is moving it tends to keep moving. This property of an object is called its inertia. Further, we know that it is easier to push an empty box than a box full of stones. Quantitatively, the inertia of an object is measured by its mass. "The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia." Greater the mass , greater is the inertia.
I am planning to write more post on Unit for Force, specific heat equation. Keep checking my blog.
Difference between the two mass and weight:
1. Mass is measure of inertia of an object whereas the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards earth.
2.Mass of an object tends to remain same whether the object is on earth, the moon or even in outer space. Thus, mass of an object is constant and does not change from place to place. On the other hand, Weight of an object depends upon the mass and gravitational force. So, it changes from place to place as the value of "g" is different at different places. It is not constant.
3.The SI unit of mass is Kg, while the SI unit of weight is Newton.
4.The weight is the force acting vertically downwards; it has both magnitude and direction.hence, it a vector quantity. But, mass only has magnitude but no direction so it is scalar quantity.
5. Mass of an object can never be Zero but weight of an object can be Zero as gravity at poles is zero.
Monday, June 3, 2013
Message Signaled Interrupts
Message Signaled Interrupts
Message Signaled Interrupts, in PCI 2.2 and later and PCI Express, are an alternative way of generating an interrupt. Traditionally, a device has an interrupt pin which it asserts when it wants to interrupt the host CPU. While PCI Express does not have separate interrupt pins, it has special messages to allow it to emulate a pin assertion or deassertion. Message Signaled Interrupts allow the device to write a small amount of data to a special address in memory space. The chipset will deliver the corresponding interrupt to a CPU.
I like to share this Strain Equation with you all through my article.
A common misconception with Message Signaled Interrupts is that they allow the device to send data to the CPU as part of the interrupt. The data that is sent as part of the write is used by the chipset to determine which interrupt to trigger on which CPU; it is not available for the device to communicate additional information to the interrupt handler.
Some non-PCI architectures also use Message Signaled Interrupts. For example, HP GSC devices do not have interrupt pins and can only interrupt by writing directly to the processor's interrupt register in memory space.
Advantages over pin-based interrupts
While more complex to implement in a device, MSI has some significant advantages.
On the mechanical side, fewer pins makes for a simpler, cheaper, and more reliable connector. While this is no advantage to the standard PCI connector, PCI Express takes advantage of these savings.
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MSI increases the number of interrupts that are possible. While conventional PCI was limited to 4 interrupts per card (and, because they were shared among all cards, most used just 1), message signaled interrupts allow dozens of interrupts per card, when that is useful.
There is also a slight performance advantage. In software, a pin-based interrupt could race with a posted write to memory. That is, the PCI device would write data to memory and then send an interrupt to indicate the DMA write was complete. However, a PCI bridge or memory controller might buffer the write in order to not interfere with some other memory use. The interrupt could arrive before the DMA write was complete, and the processor could read stale data from memory. To prevent this race, interrupt handlers were required to read from the device to ensure that the DMA write had finished. This read had a moderate performance penalty. An MSI write cannot pass a DMA write, so the race is eliminated.
Message Signaled Interrupts, in PCI 2.2 and later and PCI Express, are an alternative way of generating an interrupt. Traditionally, a device has an interrupt pin which it asserts when it wants to interrupt the host CPU. While PCI Express does not have separate interrupt pins, it has special messages to allow it to emulate a pin assertion or deassertion. Message Signaled Interrupts allow the device to write a small amount of data to a special address in memory space. The chipset will deliver the corresponding interrupt to a CPU.
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A common misconception with Message Signaled Interrupts is that they allow the device to send data to the CPU as part of the interrupt. The data that is sent as part of the write is used by the chipset to determine which interrupt to trigger on which CPU; it is not available for the device to communicate additional information to the interrupt handler.
Some non-PCI architectures also use Message Signaled Interrupts. For example, HP GSC devices do not have interrupt pins and can only interrupt by writing directly to the processor's interrupt register in memory space.
Advantages over pin-based interrupts
While more complex to implement in a device, MSI has some significant advantages.
On the mechanical side, fewer pins makes for a simpler, cheaper, and more reliable connector. While this is no advantage to the standard PCI connector, PCI Express takes advantage of these savings.
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MSI increases the number of interrupts that are possible. While conventional PCI was limited to 4 interrupts per card (and, because they were shared among all cards, most used just 1), message signaled interrupts allow dozens of interrupts per card, when that is useful.
There is also a slight performance advantage. In software, a pin-based interrupt could race with a posted write to memory. That is, the PCI device would write data to memory and then send an interrupt to indicate the DMA write was complete. However, a PCI bridge or memory controller might buffer the write in order to not interfere with some other memory use. The interrupt could arrive before the DMA write was complete, and the processor could read stale data from memory. To prevent this race, interrupt handlers were required to read from the device to ensure that the DMA write had finished. This read had a moderate performance penalty. An MSI write cannot pass a DMA write, so the race is eliminated.
Solid Physical Properties
Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary water ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass).
The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
Microscopic description
The atoms, molecules or ions which make up a solid may be arranged in an orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. Materials whose constituents are arranged in a regular pattern are known as crystals. In some cases, the regular ordering can continue unbroken over a large scale, for example diamonds, where each diamond is a single crystal. Solid objects that are large enough to see and handle are rarely composed of a single crystal, but instead are made of a large number of single crystals, known as crystallites, whose size can vary from a few nanometers to several meters. Such materials are called polycrystalline. Almost all common metals, and many ceramics, are polycrystalline.
In other materials, there is no long-range order in the position of the atoms. These solids are known as amorphous solids; examples include polystyrene and glass.
Whether a solid is crystalline or amorphous depends on the material involved, and the conditions in which it was formed. Solids which are formed by slow cooling will tend to be crystalline, while solids which are frozen rapidly are more likely to be amorphous. Likewise, the specific crystal structure adopted by a crystalline solid depends on the material involved and on how it was formed.
While many common objects, such as an ice cube or a coin, are chemically identical throughout, many other common materials comprise a number of different substances packed together. For example, a typical rock is an aggregate of several different minerals and mineraloids, with no specific chemical composition. Wood is a natural organic material consisting primarily of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of organic lignin. In materials science, composites of more than one constituent material can be designed to have desired properties.
The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
Microscopic description
The atoms, molecules or ions which make up a solid may be arranged in an orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. Materials whose constituents are arranged in a regular pattern are known as crystals. In some cases, the regular ordering can continue unbroken over a large scale, for example diamonds, where each diamond is a single crystal. Solid objects that are large enough to see and handle are rarely composed of a single crystal, but instead are made of a large number of single crystals, known as crystallites, whose size can vary from a few nanometers to several meters. Such materials are called polycrystalline. Almost all common metals, and many ceramics, are polycrystalline.
In other materials, there is no long-range order in the position of the atoms. These solids are known as amorphous solids; examples include polystyrene and glass.
Whether a solid is crystalline or amorphous depends on the material involved, and the conditions in which it was formed. Solids which are formed by slow cooling will tend to be crystalline, while solids which are frozen rapidly are more likely to be amorphous. Likewise, the specific crystal structure adopted by a crystalline solid depends on the material involved and on how it was formed.
While many common objects, such as an ice cube or a coin, are chemically identical throughout, many other common materials comprise a number of different substances packed together. For example, a typical rock is an aggregate of several different minerals and mineraloids, with no specific chemical composition. Wood is a natural organic material consisting primarily of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of organic lignin. In materials science, composites of more than one constituent material can be designed to have desired properties.
What is Reflecting Telescope
Introduction of reflecting telescope:
Telescope is a device used for seeing the images which are too long. The visualization of image is very clear. The astronomical telescope is mainly for capturing the astronomical objects.
Classification of telescope:
Refracting telescope
Reflecting telescope
Let us see what is the reflecting telescope.
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Reflecting telescope:
Reflecting telescope:
If we want to know what is the reflecting telescope we first know the general diagram of telescope.Normally a telescope consists of two lenses.
In refracting telescope large aperture and large focal length of objective lens are used. The lens used in refracting telescope are convex lens. It is difficult to make large convex lens because it is very costly. Hence the reflecting telescope uses concave lens. Let us see the what is the construction of reflecting telescope.
Construction of reflection telescope:
Reflection telescope contains two type of lenses.
Objective lens:
The reflection telescope contains concave mirror having a large aperture and large focal length. This concave mirror is placed at the one end of the wide tube which is called objective.
The other terminal of the wide tube is set to be open and directed to the image object. There is a plane mirror M2 is set at the place before the principal focus of the concave mirror. The angle between the mirror M2 and the principal axis of mirror M1 is 450.
Eye piece:
There is another tube of narrow tube is placed at the side of the wide tube having a convex lens E. The aperture and length of this convex lens E is small which is called eye piece. This eyepiece is capable of moving. This construction helps us to understand what the reflection telescope.
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Working of reflecting telescope:
Working of reflecting telescope:
Consider a distant object is AB. The rays from an object is first fall on the mirror M1. Then the reflected rays are moving in the direction of principal axis and there they are reflected by the mirror M2. The mirror M2 form a diminished image named A’B’. This A’B’ image is considered as an image of the eye piece E. This eye piece creates a magnified virtual image A’’B’’ which is the final image of the telescope.
Telescope is a device used for seeing the images which are too long. The visualization of image is very clear. The astronomical telescope is mainly for capturing the astronomical objects.
Classification of telescope:
Refracting telescope
Reflecting telescope
Let us see what is the reflecting telescope.
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Reflecting telescope:
Reflecting telescope:
If we want to know what is the reflecting telescope we first know the general diagram of telescope.Normally a telescope consists of two lenses.
In refracting telescope large aperture and large focal length of objective lens are used. The lens used in refracting telescope are convex lens. It is difficult to make large convex lens because it is very costly. Hence the reflecting telescope uses concave lens. Let us see the what is the construction of reflecting telescope.
Construction of reflection telescope:
Reflection telescope contains two type of lenses.
Objective lens:
The reflection telescope contains concave mirror having a large aperture and large focal length. This concave mirror is placed at the one end of the wide tube which is called objective.
The other terminal of the wide tube is set to be open and directed to the image object. There is a plane mirror M2 is set at the place before the principal focus of the concave mirror. The angle between the mirror M2 and the principal axis of mirror M1 is 450.
Eye piece:
There is another tube of narrow tube is placed at the side of the wide tube having a convex lens E. The aperture and length of this convex lens E is small which is called eye piece. This eyepiece is capable of moving. This construction helps us to understand what the reflection telescope.
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Working of reflecting telescope:
Working of reflecting telescope:
Consider a distant object is AB. The rays from an object is first fall on the mirror M1. Then the reflected rays are moving in the direction of principal axis and there they are reflected by the mirror M2. The mirror M2 form a diminished image named A’B’. This A’B’ image is considered as an image of the eye piece E. This eye piece creates a magnified virtual image A’’B’’ which is the final image of the telescope.
Mars Orbit Path
Introduction to Mars orbit path:
Mars the member of our solar system, it is the fourth planet counting from the sun. The name Mars is derived from roman language, mars is the god of battles and wars in roman. The iron oxide which is the main content of the planet makes it appear red, so Mars is called as a red planet. Mars is the nearest planet to earth and its diameter is approximately half of the diameter of planet earth. Like earth mars also has moons. The moons of mars are Phobos and Deimos which means fear and panic respectively. The moons of mars are of irregular shape.I like to share this Astral Buoyancy with you all through my article.
Mars orbit and polar caps
The average distance form mars to sun is around 230 million kilometers (approximately 1.5 astronomical units).mars takes 687 days (earth days)to complete one rotation around the sun. One solar day in mars is approximately 24 hours 3minutes and 35 seconds. Planet mars is tilted by 25.19 degrees which is similar to that of earth, hence mars also will have seasons like earth. The orbital speed of mars is approximately 24 kilometer per second. The temperature on the surface of mars varies from 186 K to 293K(- 87 C to 20 C)
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Inside the Mars
Similar to earth, mars also has polar ice caps. These ice caps are permanent. During the winter season in mars a pole lies in continuous darkness, which results in chilling the surface, also 25-30 percentage of the will condense out forming thick carbon dioxide (CO2) ice slabs famously known as dry ice. When these ice caps made up of dry ice melts by the exposure to sun light, the CO2 sublimes and create winds blowing across the mars at a speed approximately 350 – 400 kilometer per hour. The polar caps also contain the ice formed by water. The amount of water ice is very less compared to that of dry ice.
Mars the member of our solar system, it is the fourth planet counting from the sun. The name Mars is derived from roman language, mars is the god of battles and wars in roman. The iron oxide which is the main content of the planet makes it appear red, so Mars is called as a red planet. Mars is the nearest planet to earth and its diameter is approximately half of the diameter of planet earth. Like earth mars also has moons. The moons of mars are Phobos and Deimos which means fear and panic respectively. The moons of mars are of irregular shape.I like to share this Astral Buoyancy with you all through my article.
Mars orbit and polar caps
The average distance form mars to sun is around 230 million kilometers (approximately 1.5 astronomical units).mars takes 687 days (earth days)to complete one rotation around the sun. One solar day in mars is approximately 24 hours 3minutes and 35 seconds. Planet mars is tilted by 25.19 degrees which is similar to that of earth, hence mars also will have seasons like earth. The orbital speed of mars is approximately 24 kilometer per second. The temperature on the surface of mars varies from 186 K to 293K(- 87 C to 20 C)
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Inside the Mars
Similar to earth, mars also has polar ice caps. These ice caps are permanent. During the winter season in mars a pole lies in continuous darkness, which results in chilling the surface, also 25-30 percentage of the will condense out forming thick carbon dioxide (CO2) ice slabs famously known as dry ice. When these ice caps made up of dry ice melts by the exposure to sun light, the CO2 sublimes and create winds blowing across the mars at a speed approximately 350 – 400 kilometer per hour. The polar caps also contain the ice formed by water. The amount of water ice is very less compared to that of dry ice.
Melting Point of Gold
Introduction to melting point of gold:
Gold is a chemical element with the assigned symbol Au in Chemistry. This symbol is derived from Latin word “aurum” meaning "shining dawn". It has an atomic number of 79. It developed an association with richness from the earliest times in human civilization and a mention of its usage for coinage, jewelry, and other arts can be found since the beginnings of recorded history. It has always fascinated mankind and has been the real motive behind many wars in the medieval times as a highly sought-after precious metal
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Natural Occurrences of gold
Gold is found in nature as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. It is soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. With a density of 19.3 gm/cm3, it is one of the densest metals. It is also the least reactive among all metals and does not oxidize or corrode in air or water in the normal course.
Pure gold is chemically least reactive of all the metals and dissolves only in aqua regia (a mixture of HCl and HNO3) to form chloroauric acid but is not affected by the individual acids. It dissolves when added to mercury to form amalgam alloys but without chemical reaction. Its insolubility in nitric acid has been long used in gold refining and to confirm the presence of gold in mixtures and objects.
These properties make it quite handy to carry, move around or store for a long time. A relatively low melting point of gold makes it ideal for casting. These qualities and its use for coinage appear to have been instrumental in making it a symbol of wealth.
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Melting Point of Gold
Melting point of gold depends on the presence of impurities as it is seldom used in its pure form except as stored wealth or bullion. Traditionally, its purity is measured in Karats with 24 K (Karats) showing the 100% purity, and each lesser number denoting how many parts equivalent of pure gold are present in 24 parts. 18 K gold is the purity most often found in ornaments, which is 18 parts of gold with 6 parts of copper and traces of other impurities.
18 K gold has a melting point of 1675 degrees Fahrenheit or 912.78 degrees Celsius. Addition of further copper reduces it and 14 K gold has a melting point of 1550 degrees Fahrenheit or 843.33 degrees Celsius.
In its purest form Gold has a Melting point of 1337.33 degrees Kelvin equivalent to 1064.18 degrees Celsius or 1947.52 degrees Fahrenheit.
Gold is a chemical element with the assigned symbol Au in Chemistry. This symbol is derived from Latin word “aurum” meaning "shining dawn". It has an atomic number of 79. It developed an association with richness from the earliest times in human civilization and a mention of its usage for coinage, jewelry, and other arts can be found since the beginnings of recorded history. It has always fascinated mankind and has been the real motive behind many wars in the medieval times as a highly sought-after precious metal
Please express your views of this topic Neutral Buoyancy by commenting on blog.
Natural Occurrences of gold
Gold is found in nature as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. It is soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. With a density of 19.3 gm/cm3, it is one of the densest metals. It is also the least reactive among all metals and does not oxidize or corrode in air or water in the normal course.
Pure gold is chemically least reactive of all the metals and dissolves only in aqua regia (a mixture of HCl and HNO3) to form chloroauric acid but is not affected by the individual acids. It dissolves when added to mercury to form amalgam alloys but without chemical reaction. Its insolubility in nitric acid has been long used in gold refining and to confirm the presence of gold in mixtures and objects.
These properties make it quite handy to carry, move around or store for a long time. A relatively low melting point of gold makes it ideal for casting. These qualities and its use for coinage appear to have been instrumental in making it a symbol of wealth.
Is this topic Acceleration Equation Physics hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Melting Point of Gold
Melting point of gold depends on the presence of impurities as it is seldom used in its pure form except as stored wealth or bullion. Traditionally, its purity is measured in Karats with 24 K (Karats) showing the 100% purity, and each lesser number denoting how many parts equivalent of pure gold are present in 24 parts. 18 K gold is the purity most often found in ornaments, which is 18 parts of gold with 6 parts of copper and traces of other impurities.
18 K gold has a melting point of 1675 degrees Fahrenheit or 912.78 degrees Celsius. Addition of further copper reduces it and 14 K gold has a melting point of 1550 degrees Fahrenheit or 843.33 degrees Celsius.
In its purest form Gold has a Melting point of 1337.33 degrees Kelvin equivalent to 1064.18 degrees Celsius or 1947.52 degrees Fahrenheit.
Friday, May 31, 2013
Metals Good Conductors
Introduction to metals good conductors:
All the conductors shares a common property that they are able to carry the electric current to the voltage difference that is applied. The flow of electronic charge is called as electric current. Inside a material it is the electric field that forces all the free charges to move. So, there will be no electric field inside a conductor. If electric field exists inside a conductor then all the charges in the conductor doesn’t move.In most of the cases the majority of the electrons inside these materials are fixed at one place which are tightly held by an atom it its orbit. In all the conductors some of the electrons move and find their own way.
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About good conductors of metals
Metals basically are a kind of elements. These elements are quite different because they lose electrons from the atom readily in order to form positive ions or cations which are highly stable. All the cations form metallic bonds between atoms of other metal.
All the existing metals conducts the electricity. Metals are used as good conductors of electricity and heat because the metals will have space in their valence energy band that is unfilled. The conduction electrons travel in different directions with a very high velocities when there is no electric field. The same thing also happens even at the cold temperatures such as absolute zero. When an electric field is applied then there will be some imbalance that is developed and the free electrons flows from the outer band. Due to defects present in the lattice, the scattering of electrons occurs and the resistance for conduction comes in metals.
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Examples of metals good conductors:
Metals can be taken as a good example of the conductors of electricity. The good conductors of electricity are silver, copper and aluminum. Some other good conductors of electricity are iron, gold, mercury, steel, nickel, magnesium and sea water. Metals are not only good conductors of electricity but also a very good conductors of heat.
All the conductors shares a common property that they are able to carry the electric current to the voltage difference that is applied. The flow of electronic charge is called as electric current. Inside a material it is the electric field that forces all the free charges to move. So, there will be no electric field inside a conductor. If electric field exists inside a conductor then all the charges in the conductor doesn’t move.In most of the cases the majority of the electrons inside these materials are fixed at one place which are tightly held by an atom it its orbit. In all the conductors some of the electrons move and find their own way.
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About good conductors of metals
Metals basically are a kind of elements. These elements are quite different because they lose electrons from the atom readily in order to form positive ions or cations which are highly stable. All the cations form metallic bonds between atoms of other metal.
All the existing metals conducts the electricity. Metals are used as good conductors of electricity and heat because the metals will have space in their valence energy band that is unfilled. The conduction electrons travel in different directions with a very high velocities when there is no electric field. The same thing also happens even at the cold temperatures such as absolute zero. When an electric field is applied then there will be some imbalance that is developed and the free electrons flows from the outer band. Due to defects present in the lattice, the scattering of electrons occurs and the resistance for conduction comes in metals.
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Examples of metals good conductors:
Metals can be taken as a good example of the conductors of electricity. The good conductors of electricity are silver, copper and aluminum. Some other good conductors of electricity are iron, gold, mercury, steel, nickel, magnesium and sea water. Metals are not only good conductors of electricity but also a very good conductors of heat.
What is Sound Insulation
Introduction to sound insulation:
Sound waves travel fast over flat, hard, straight and less dense surfaces. A hard and straight surface reflects back most of the sound waves when they strike it. If any sound is to be stopped from leaving or entering a particular area, – a building or a room, it has to be insulated, made sound proof. Sound insulation involves different principles, structures and types of insulation to sound proof an enclosed area, to prevent sound from filtering in or out of the space. Sound waves are not all absorbed; they are either reflected back, refract or form an echo.
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Factors affecting sound insulation
Space- An increase in space causes a decrease in sound.
Mass - A thick, heavy and dense insulating material will reduce more noise.
Dampening – Transfer of sound through layers of different materials and densities can retard the sound vibrations, dampening the noise.
Sound insulation process
To insulate or sound-proof a room, an absorbent surface has to be provided which reduces reflection of sound waves. Sound insulation works on reflected sound and not on direct sound.
The absorption coefficient of a sound proofing substance is the ratio of the incident sound waves to the amount of waves absorbed by a particular surface. It can be between the range of 0-1. A substance with 0.8 coefficients will absorb 80% of the sound waves. Sound insulating material is usually porous and of different compositions and densities. The air channels of the porous material should be open so that the sound waves can travel into them and be absorbed. Lead, foam or fiber glass is generally used as insulating material in acoustics. They vary in thickness, density and composition. Prefabricated panels of insulation are also available which can be used on the ceilings and walls.
Understanding Density Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Conclusion to sound insulation
Sound insulation has to be done to the floor, walls, and the ceiling of a room or building to make it effective.The effectiveness of an insulating material as a good sound barrier mainly depends on its level of density.
Sound waves travel fast over flat, hard, straight and less dense surfaces. A hard and straight surface reflects back most of the sound waves when they strike it. If any sound is to be stopped from leaving or entering a particular area, – a building or a room, it has to be insulated, made sound proof. Sound insulation involves different principles, structures and types of insulation to sound proof an enclosed area, to prevent sound from filtering in or out of the space. Sound waves are not all absorbed; they are either reflected back, refract or form an echo.
I like to share this Equation for Specific Heat with you all through my article.
Factors affecting sound insulation
Space- An increase in space causes a decrease in sound.
Mass - A thick, heavy and dense insulating material will reduce more noise.
Dampening – Transfer of sound through layers of different materials and densities can retard the sound vibrations, dampening the noise.
Sound insulation process
To insulate or sound-proof a room, an absorbent surface has to be provided which reduces reflection of sound waves. Sound insulation works on reflected sound and not on direct sound.
The absorption coefficient of a sound proofing substance is the ratio of the incident sound waves to the amount of waves absorbed by a particular surface. It can be between the range of 0-1. A substance with 0.8 coefficients will absorb 80% of the sound waves. Sound insulating material is usually porous and of different compositions and densities. The air channels of the porous material should be open so that the sound waves can travel into them and be absorbed. Lead, foam or fiber glass is generally used as insulating material in acoustics. They vary in thickness, density and composition. Prefabricated panels of insulation are also available which can be used on the ceilings and walls.
Understanding Density Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Conclusion to sound insulation
Sound insulation has to be done to the floor, walls, and the ceiling of a room or building to make it effective.The effectiveness of an insulating material as a good sound barrier mainly depends on its level of density.
The Sun Solar System
Introduction to the sun solar system:
The sun solar system is the set of sun, planets, satellites and other spatial bodies that revolve around the sun. The sun solar system consists of sun, planets, their satellites, dwarf planets, Kuiper belt objects, comets, meteorites, Oort cloud and interplanetary dust.Having problem with Heat Transfer Systems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
About the sun solar system
The sun solar system
The regions in the sun solar system can be classified as
Sun, the dwarf planet Pluto, terrestrial planets like Venus, earth, mercury and mars, the small rocky bodies that make up the asteroid belt. Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Saturn that are called as giant outer planets, the icy objects that make up theKuiper belt and all thematter beyond the Kuiper belt called the Oort cloud.
All the components of sun solar system are bound by the gravitational force of attraction from the sun. The sun is the single biggest star or spatial body that contains more than ninety percent of al lthe matter in the sun solar system.
The solar system is believed to have come into existence as a result of the collapsing of the molecular cloud. The big bang theory gives some insights into the formation of the star systems.
The asteroid belt called the Kuiper belt is found between mars and Jupiter. These consist of rocks and metal. And the icy objects lie beyond Neptune. They are called TransNeptunian objects and contain ices, ammonia and methane. Five new dwarf planets have been identified taht are named ceres, Pluto, haumea, Eris and makemake. They have gravity and are round in shape like most other planets.
In addition to all these there are thousands of other particles that are called small bodies like comets, interplanetary dust and centaurs.
Six of the planets have their own moon, called satellites. These satellites orbit the planets. There are three dwarf planets with their own moons orbiting them.
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Conclusion for the sun solar system:
The sun solar system is a system if planets, satellites and other special bodies that revolved around the sun. They are bound by sun’s gravity. All these planets use suns energy. Earth is considered to be the only planet in the solar system that consists of life.
The sun solar system is the set of sun, planets, satellites and other spatial bodies that revolve around the sun. The sun solar system consists of sun, planets, their satellites, dwarf planets, Kuiper belt objects, comets, meteorites, Oort cloud and interplanetary dust.Having problem with Heat Transfer Systems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
About the sun solar system
The sun solar system
The regions in the sun solar system can be classified as
Sun, the dwarf planet Pluto, terrestrial planets like Venus, earth, mercury and mars, the small rocky bodies that make up the asteroid belt. Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Saturn that are called as giant outer planets, the icy objects that make up theKuiper belt and all thematter beyond the Kuiper belt called the Oort cloud.
All the components of sun solar system are bound by the gravitational force of attraction from the sun. The sun is the single biggest star or spatial body that contains more than ninety percent of al lthe matter in the sun solar system.
The solar system is believed to have come into existence as a result of the collapsing of the molecular cloud. The big bang theory gives some insights into the formation of the star systems.
The asteroid belt called the Kuiper belt is found between mars and Jupiter. These consist of rocks and metal. And the icy objects lie beyond Neptune. They are called TransNeptunian objects and contain ices, ammonia and methane. Five new dwarf planets have been identified taht are named ceres, Pluto, haumea, Eris and makemake. They have gravity and are round in shape like most other planets.
In addition to all these there are thousands of other particles that are called small bodies like comets, interplanetary dust and centaurs.
Six of the planets have their own moon, called satellites. These satellites orbit the planets. There are three dwarf planets with their own moons orbiting them.
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Conclusion for the sun solar system:
The sun solar system is a system if planets, satellites and other special bodies that revolved around the sun. They are bound by sun’s gravity. All these planets use suns energy. Earth is considered to be the only planet in the solar system that consists of life.
Best Form of Energy
Introduction to best form of energy:
There are various form of energies available to us. Some of it are natural and other are man-made. However, the best form of energy available to us is “SOLAR ENERGY”.
The sun is the source of all energy. The sun provides us heat and light energy free of cost. The energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy. The nuclear fusion reactions taking place inside the sun keep on liberating enormous amounts of heat and light energy. This heat and light energy is radiated by the sun in all directions in the form of solar energy. The sun has been radiating an enormous amount of energy at the present rate for nearly 5 billions years and will continue radiating energy at that rate for nearly 5 billion years more. Since, the sin is very far away only a small fraction of the solar energy radiated by the sun reaches the outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere. A little less than half of the atmosphere actually reaches the surface of earth. The rest of solar energy is reflected back into space by the atmosphere and also absorbed by the atmosphere as it comes down through it towards the surface of the earth.
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Best form of energy : Advantages of solar energy
The best form of energy,solar energy which reaches the earth is absorbed by land and water-bodies as well as by plants. The solar energy trapped by land and water-bodies causes many phenomena in nature like winds, storms, rain, snowfall and sea-waves. The plants utilize solar energy to prepare food by the process of photosynthesis. The various sources of energy derive their energy from the sun, the best source of energy.
1. Non-renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels also derive their energy from sun. It is solar energy, which is converted into petroleum and oil.
2. Solar energy does not cause any pollution as compared to non-renewable sources of energy.
3. The solar energy is best form of energy because it is available in a diffused form so it is available to almost everyone on the earth.
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Best form of energy :
Finally ,the best source of energy, that is , solar energy is clean. It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power and it will never run out. It’s silent. Solar power can be captured anywhere without creating noise pollution that might otherwise up set neighbours and wildlife. It works wherever the sun shines. It doesn’t matter how remote, solar can generate energy where no other form of power can be obtained. Thus, no danger of damaging our already damaged environment further and you can be part of the Green initiative, lower your carbon footprint, and save our planet from harmful greenhouse gases.
Our planets energy resources are being depleted at the fastest rates in the history of the planet. Today we use energy faster than we can make it, and eventually we are going to run out. But if we decide to use the energy from the sun, which is given to us every day, we will never run out of energy, as long as the sun is there. Now it won't be there forever, but we all know that it is not going anywhere in our lifetime, and will be there for several future generations of the human race to enjoy and harness it's free energy.
There are various form of energies available to us. Some of it are natural and other are man-made. However, the best form of energy available to us is “SOLAR ENERGY”.
The sun is the source of all energy. The sun provides us heat and light energy free of cost. The energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy. The nuclear fusion reactions taking place inside the sun keep on liberating enormous amounts of heat and light energy. This heat and light energy is radiated by the sun in all directions in the form of solar energy. The sun has been radiating an enormous amount of energy at the present rate for nearly 5 billions years and will continue radiating energy at that rate for nearly 5 billion years more. Since, the sin is very far away only a small fraction of the solar energy radiated by the sun reaches the outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere. A little less than half of the atmosphere actually reaches the surface of earth. The rest of solar energy is reflected back into space by the atmosphere and also absorbed by the atmosphere as it comes down through it towards the surface of the earth.
Please express your views of this topic conservation energy by commenting on blog.
Best form of energy : Advantages of solar energy
The best form of energy,solar energy which reaches the earth is absorbed by land and water-bodies as well as by plants. The solar energy trapped by land and water-bodies causes many phenomena in nature like winds, storms, rain, snowfall and sea-waves. The plants utilize solar energy to prepare food by the process of photosynthesis. The various sources of energy derive their energy from the sun, the best source of energy.
1. Non-renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels also derive their energy from sun. It is solar energy, which is converted into petroleum and oil.
2. Solar energy does not cause any pollution as compared to non-renewable sources of energy.
3. The solar energy is best form of energy because it is available in a diffused form so it is available to almost everyone on the earth.
Is this topic Force Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Best form of energy :
Finally ,the best source of energy, that is , solar energy is clean. It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power and it will never run out. It’s silent. Solar power can be captured anywhere without creating noise pollution that might otherwise up set neighbours and wildlife. It works wherever the sun shines. It doesn’t matter how remote, solar can generate energy where no other form of power can be obtained. Thus, no danger of damaging our already damaged environment further and you can be part of the Green initiative, lower your carbon footprint, and save our planet from harmful greenhouse gases.
Our planets energy resources are being depleted at the fastest rates in the history of the planet. Today we use energy faster than we can make it, and eventually we are going to run out. But if we decide to use the energy from the sun, which is given to us every day, we will never run out of energy, as long as the sun is there. Now it won't be there forever, but we all know that it is not going anywhere in our lifetime, and will be there for several future generations of the human race to enjoy and harness it's free energy.
Electrical Power System
Introduction:
Electrical power system comprises of various electrical components that supplies and helps in transmission of electric power. Electrical power system is a network that provides power to homes and industries. This power system is in form of grid that is divided into the generators to supply the power. Transmission system can be defined as the carrier of power from the generating centers to the load centers and further distribution of this power to nearby homes and industries. Industries, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes are generally installed with smaller power systems.
Having problem with Heat Conduction Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Basically these systems work on three-phase AC power except those in aircraft, electric rail systems and automobiles. Electric power is a mathematical product of current and voltage. Current and voltage vary with respect to time or can be kept at constant levels. Transformation in the voltage of AC power is essential of two reasons:
Transformation in the voltage of AC power helps power to be transmitted far distances with less loss at higher voltages.
Installing turbines helps produce higher voltages in an economical way in case of most appliances.
Components of Electrical power systems
Generators, batteries and other power supplies
Power systems can have one or more sources of power, in some cases the source of power for the system are provided externally but for many systems it is internally installed. Certain devices like batteries, fuel cells or photovoltaic cells are a source for Direct current power supply. AC power supply is provided by a rotor which can spin in a magnetic field.
Loads
Power systems are designed with loads that can make use of electrical energy to perform a function, which ranges from household appliances to high scale industrial machinery.
Conductors
Conductors are the simplest component of a power system that carries power from the generators to the load. Conductors can be classified based on the transmission system. Conductors can be placed overhead or underground.Is this topic Average Speed Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Capacitors
Capacitors are the small devices used to provide reactive power that is lost during transmission, therefore capacitors are placed besides inductive loads.
Power electronics devices
Power electronics devices are based on semi-conductor technology to switch between quantities of power from a few hundred watts to several hundred megawatts. The speed of operation is so highl that it would be difficult or impossible with conventional technology. Power electronics is a process of rectification which means the conversion of AC-to-DC power and vice versa. Highly-powered power converts AC power to DC power for the purpose of transmission in a system known as HVDC.
Protective devices
Power systems are incorporated with protective devices with two purposes:
Minimizes the harm to people and animals that may come in contact with the power system
By isolating the faults and protecting the power system and its various elements from damage.
Electrical power system comprises of various electrical components that supplies and helps in transmission of electric power. Electrical power system is a network that provides power to homes and industries. This power system is in form of grid that is divided into the generators to supply the power. Transmission system can be defined as the carrier of power from the generating centers to the load centers and further distribution of this power to nearby homes and industries. Industries, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes are generally installed with smaller power systems.
Having problem with Heat Conduction Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Basically these systems work on three-phase AC power except those in aircraft, electric rail systems and automobiles. Electric power is a mathematical product of current and voltage. Current and voltage vary with respect to time or can be kept at constant levels. Transformation in the voltage of AC power is essential of two reasons:
Transformation in the voltage of AC power helps power to be transmitted far distances with less loss at higher voltages.
Installing turbines helps produce higher voltages in an economical way in case of most appliances.
Components of Electrical power systems
Generators, batteries and other power supplies
Power systems can have one or more sources of power, in some cases the source of power for the system are provided externally but for many systems it is internally installed. Certain devices like batteries, fuel cells or photovoltaic cells are a source for Direct current power supply. AC power supply is provided by a rotor which can spin in a magnetic field.
Loads
Power systems are designed with loads that can make use of electrical energy to perform a function, which ranges from household appliances to high scale industrial machinery.
Conductors
Conductors are the simplest component of a power system that carries power from the generators to the load. Conductors can be classified based on the transmission system. Conductors can be placed overhead or underground.Is this topic Average Speed Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Capacitors
Capacitors are the small devices used to provide reactive power that is lost during transmission, therefore capacitors are placed besides inductive loads.
Power electronics devices
Power electronics devices are based on semi-conductor technology to switch between quantities of power from a few hundred watts to several hundred megawatts. The speed of operation is so highl that it would be difficult or impossible with conventional technology. Power electronics is a process of rectification which means the conversion of AC-to-DC power and vice versa. Highly-powered power converts AC power to DC power for the purpose of transmission in a system known as HVDC.
Protective devices
Power systems are incorporated with protective devices with two purposes:
Minimizes the harm to people and animals that may come in contact with the power system
By isolating the faults and protecting the power system and its various elements from damage.
Sunday, May 26, 2013
6 Types of Motion
Introduction to 6 types of motion:
All of us know that all living things show movement. The movement in case of animals can be easily seen. The movement in case of plants is very slow and is hardly visible. Among non-living things ,the air shows movement when it blows hard.
“When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings, changes with time, the body is said to be in motion”.I like to share this Rectilinear Motion with you all through my article.
6 types of motion
Translatory motion : The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the same time is called the motion of a translation. For example A car or a train moving along a road, a ball rolling on the ground, a girl sliding down a slope, pulling out a drawer of the table, firing a bullet from a gun, a stone hurled form a catapult are some of the example of motion of translation.
Circular motion : The motion in which a body moves about a fixed axis without changing its position is called the Rotatory motion or Circular motion. For example A spinning wheel or charkha, a spinning top, a potter wheel, a ceiling fan, the earth revolving around the earth.
Oscillatory motion : Some objects move as a whole, to and fro or back and forth, along the same path without any change in shape. The motion of such objects is called the oscillatory motion. For example the needle of a sewing machine moving up and down, the piston of a motor car, the pressing cylinder of a juice machine at a fruit seller shop etc all perform oscillatory motion.
Understanding Projectile Motion Problems is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
6 types of motion
Vibratory motion : The motion of an object where the moving object undergoes change in shape or size. For example all the musical instruments produce vibratory motion. Even during breathing, when our chest expands or contracts, the motion is vibratory in nature as all the points on the chest do not move out equally.
Periodic motion : A repetitive motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called the periodic motion. For example The piston of a motor car engine running at a constant speed. The swinging pendulum of a wall clock, Heart of a resting person beating 72 times in a minute etc.
Uniform motion : When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time along a same straight line, the body is said to be describing uniform motion. For example a flying aeroplane in a particular direction at a constant speed, a train moving straight in a particular direction at a constant speed are describing uniform motion.
All of us know that all living things show movement. The movement in case of animals can be easily seen. The movement in case of plants is very slow and is hardly visible. Among non-living things ,the air shows movement when it blows hard.
“When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings, changes with time, the body is said to be in motion”.I like to share this Rectilinear Motion with you all through my article.
6 types of motion
Translatory motion : The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the same time is called the motion of a translation. For example A car or a train moving along a road, a ball rolling on the ground, a girl sliding down a slope, pulling out a drawer of the table, firing a bullet from a gun, a stone hurled form a catapult are some of the example of motion of translation.
Circular motion : The motion in which a body moves about a fixed axis without changing its position is called the Rotatory motion or Circular motion. For example A spinning wheel or charkha, a spinning top, a potter wheel, a ceiling fan, the earth revolving around the earth.
Oscillatory motion : Some objects move as a whole, to and fro or back and forth, along the same path without any change in shape. The motion of such objects is called the oscillatory motion. For example the needle of a sewing machine moving up and down, the piston of a motor car, the pressing cylinder of a juice machine at a fruit seller shop etc all perform oscillatory motion.
Understanding Projectile Motion Problems is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
6 types of motion
Vibratory motion : The motion of an object where the moving object undergoes change in shape or size. For example all the musical instruments produce vibratory motion. Even during breathing, when our chest expands or contracts, the motion is vibratory in nature as all the points on the chest do not move out equally.
Periodic motion : A repetitive motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called the periodic motion. For example The piston of a motor car engine running at a constant speed. The swinging pendulum of a wall clock, Heart of a resting person beating 72 times in a minute etc.
Uniform motion : When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time along a same straight line, the body is said to be describing uniform motion. For example a flying aeroplane in a particular direction at a constant speed, a train moving straight in a particular direction at a constant speed are describing uniform motion.
Satellite Technology
Introduction to satellite technology:
A satellite is a automatic device which is placed in the orbit for special purposes.They are maintained and controlled from dedicated control stations from earth.They are placed in the orbit which is an elliptical or circular imaginary path by specially designed launch vehicles.The satellites are powered by solar energy and have the necessary mechanisms which maintains the alignments and axes accurately. The satellites mainly contains transponders (transmitter-responder),an electronic device which amplifies the received signal and retransmits back to earth station in different frequency.We can classify the satellites as communication satellites,weather satellites,broadcasting satellites,navigation satellites,military satellites etc
I like to share this Sir Isaac Newton Laws of Motion with you all through my article.
Key elements in satellite technology
Satellite Technology is about moving data or information across large distances under some specific resource constraints:
bandwidth
power
mass
size
speed
The system optimization depends on the application, but it always aims towards minimizing the use of resources in the space segment given the difficulty to replace those resources. While mass and size are simple to understand, power, bandwidth and speed can always be traded off in order to achieve the target bit error rate required by a particular application.
Having problem with formula for celsius to fahrenheit keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Orbits launching and frequency of operation
We can classify the satellite orbits as mentioned below:
1.Circular or elliptical orbit
Circular with center at earth’s center
Elliptical with one focus at earth’s center
2.Orbit around earth in different planes
Equatorial orbit above earth’s equator
Polar orbit passes over both poles
Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits
3.Altitude of satellites
Geostationary orbit (GEO) - 36000 km above earth surface
Medium earth orbit (MEO) - 6000 - 20000 km above the earth surface
Low earth orbit (LEO) - 500-1500 km above the earth surface
Launching of satellite:
Satellites are launched using a launch vehicles whose capacity varies as the destination orbit.The initial speed of the launch vehicle must be at least 11 km /s to get out of the earths gravity force.The payload (satellite) is kept at the head end of the vehicle since all the other parts of the vehicle gets detached or burnt on the way.
Frequency of operation:
All satellites operate in microwave frequency ranging from 1 GHz to 40GHz which is further classified L,S,C,X,Ku,K,Ka bands.All satellites use two different frequencies for up link(earth station to satellite) and down link (satellite to earth) in an operating band however these frequencies are not fixed for a particular band.
A satellite is a automatic device which is placed in the orbit for special purposes.They are maintained and controlled from dedicated control stations from earth.They are placed in the orbit which is an elliptical or circular imaginary path by specially designed launch vehicles.The satellites are powered by solar energy and have the necessary mechanisms which maintains the alignments and axes accurately. The satellites mainly contains transponders (transmitter-responder),an electronic device which amplifies the received signal and retransmits back to earth station in different frequency.We can classify the satellites as communication satellites,weather satellites,broadcasting satellites,navigation satellites,military satellites etc
I like to share this Sir Isaac Newton Laws of Motion with you all through my article.
Key elements in satellite technology
Satellite Technology is about moving data or information across large distances under some specific resource constraints:
bandwidth
power
mass
size
speed
The system optimization depends on the application, but it always aims towards minimizing the use of resources in the space segment given the difficulty to replace those resources. While mass and size are simple to understand, power, bandwidth and speed can always be traded off in order to achieve the target bit error rate required by a particular application.
Having problem with formula for celsius to fahrenheit keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Orbits launching and frequency of operation
We can classify the satellite orbits as mentioned below:
1.Circular or elliptical orbit
Circular with center at earth’s center
Elliptical with one focus at earth’s center
2.Orbit around earth in different planes
Equatorial orbit above earth’s equator
Polar orbit passes over both poles
Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits
3.Altitude of satellites
Geostationary orbit (GEO) - 36000 km above earth surface
Medium earth orbit (MEO) - 6000 - 20000 km above the earth surface
Low earth orbit (LEO) - 500-1500 km above the earth surface
Launching of satellite:
Satellites are launched using a launch vehicles whose capacity varies as the destination orbit.The initial speed of the launch vehicle must be at least 11 km /s to get out of the earths gravity force.The payload (satellite) is kept at the head end of the vehicle since all the other parts of the vehicle gets detached or burnt on the way.
Frequency of operation:
All satellites operate in microwave frequency ranging from 1 GHz to 40GHz which is further classified L,S,C,X,Ku,K,Ka bands.All satellites use two different frequencies for up link(earth station to satellite) and down link (satellite to earth) in an operating band however these frequencies are not fixed for a particular band.
Uses Of Nichrome
Introduction
Nichrome is a name for a nickel-chromium heating wire. It is a non-magnetic alloy of nickel and chromium. Nichrome is a common alloy is 80% nickel and 20% chromium by weight.
Nichrome is silvery-gray color and is also corrosion resistant. It has a high melting point of 1400 ° C because of their relatively high resistance and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. Nichrome is also wounded in a coil specifical electrical resistance and produces electricity from heat.
Please try this Inelastic Collision Formula for solving your problems.
Uses of nichrome
Nichrome is used in explosives and fireworks industry as bridge wire into electrical ignition system such as electric matches and igniters model rocket.
Nichrome wire is widely used in ceramics as an internal support structure. It is also used in elements of clay sculptures and holds their shape while they are still soft. Nichrome wire is used to withstand the high temperatures burned. It also occurs when clay work is fired in oven.
The alloy tends to be more expensive because of high nickel content. The distributor pricing is also indexed to commodity market prices for nickel.
Other uses of Nichrome include motorcycle silencers and in certain microbiological laboratory apparatus.
Nichrome is used for heating resistance wire must be stable in air when it is hot. Nichrome wire is also forms of a protective layer of chromium oxide.
Having problem with Equation for Momentum keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Other applications of nichrome
* Nichrome is used in the production of thin layers which are excellently suited for use in hybrid.
* It is widely used in heating elements such as in hair dryer, electric ovens, toasters.
* It is also used in electronic cigarettes.
* Nichrome is used in thin films and also extends to integrated circuits in fields like telecommunication, power supplies, military and medical equipment and instrumentation.
* Because of its very useful properties, it has found its applications in many instruments which require high temperature resistance.
Nichrome is a name for a nickel-chromium heating wire. It is a non-magnetic alloy of nickel and chromium. Nichrome is a common alloy is 80% nickel and 20% chromium by weight.
Nichrome is silvery-gray color and is also corrosion resistant. It has a high melting point of 1400 ° C because of their relatively high resistance and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. Nichrome is also wounded in a coil specifical electrical resistance and produces electricity from heat.
Please try this Inelastic Collision Formula for solving your problems.
Uses of nichrome
Nichrome is used in explosives and fireworks industry as bridge wire into electrical ignition system such as electric matches and igniters model rocket.
Nichrome wire is widely used in ceramics as an internal support structure. It is also used in elements of clay sculptures and holds their shape while they are still soft. Nichrome wire is used to withstand the high temperatures burned. It also occurs when clay work is fired in oven.
The alloy tends to be more expensive because of high nickel content. The distributor pricing is also indexed to commodity market prices for nickel.
Other uses of Nichrome include motorcycle silencers and in certain microbiological laboratory apparatus.
Nichrome is used for heating resistance wire must be stable in air when it is hot. Nichrome wire is also forms of a protective layer of chromium oxide.
Having problem with Equation for Momentum keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Other applications of nichrome
* Nichrome is used in the production of thin layers which are excellently suited for use in hybrid.
* It is widely used in heating elements such as in hair dryer, electric ovens, toasters.
* It is also used in electronic cigarettes.
* Nichrome is used in thin films and also extends to integrated circuits in fields like telecommunication, power supplies, military and medical equipment and instrumentation.
* Because of its very useful properties, it has found its applications in many instruments which require high temperature resistance.
Free Energy Devices
Introduction :
A thermodynamic quantity in there the difference between the internal energy of a system and the multiplication of its absolute temperature and entropy.
I would like to give one example lift water from electric pump to up to 100 feet high and also store it then make it fall down like falls.By using this falls create electricity through the concept of mechanical energy has to convert in electricl energy.We can crate energy not that much what we spent alrady to produce electricty.
This is loss of enery.So we have to reseach such type of devices they have to concume less electricity / fuel.
Having problem with Derivative of Acceleration keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity or ability to do work is mesured by the amount of work a bodycan do.So ,energy is measured in the same units as work,namely,joule. Like work.energy is a scalar quantity.
Energy can exit in various forms,such as heat energy,eletrical energy,sound energy ,light energy,chemical energy,nuclear energy,mechanical energy,etc. We will be mainely concerened with mechanical energy .Mechanical energy is of 2 types,kinetic and potential .
Law of Conservation of Energy
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated sysytem of particles remains constant ; the energy may change from one form to another.
Is this topic pressure equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Free energy devices
In thermodynamics we know measure of the relative stability of a physical system chemical system. That exactly it does the system to react or change. If there change in free energy, then delta is negative.The change in free energy at a temperature depends on three factors, as seen from the equation Delta H - Delta TS = delta G
A thermodynamic quantity in there the difference between the internal energy of a system and the multiplication of its absolute temperature and entropy.
I would like to give one example lift water from electric pump to up to 100 feet high and also store it then make it fall down like falls.By using this falls create electricity through the concept of mechanical energy has to convert in electricl energy.We can crate energy not that much what we spent alrady to produce electricty.
This is loss of enery.So we have to reseach such type of devices they have to concume less electricity / fuel.
Having problem with Derivative of Acceleration keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity or ability to do work is mesured by the amount of work a bodycan do.So ,energy is measured in the same units as work,namely,joule. Like work.energy is a scalar quantity.
Energy can exit in various forms,such as heat energy,eletrical energy,sound energy ,light energy,chemical energy,nuclear energy,mechanical energy,etc. We will be mainely concerened with mechanical energy .Mechanical energy is of 2 types,kinetic and potential .
Law of Conservation of Energy
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated sysytem of particles remains constant ; the energy may change from one form to another.
Is this topic pressure equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Free energy devices
In thermodynamics we know measure of the relative stability of a physical system chemical system. That exactly it does the system to react or change. If there change in free energy, then delta is negative.The change in free energy at a temperature depends on three factors, as seen from the equation Delta H - Delta TS = delta G
Radius of Earth in Meters
Introduction to radius of earth in meters:
Earth is a third planet on terms of distance from the sun. you are familiar with its shape, size, structure and the atmosphere. It has structure of one natural satellite, the moon. The earth is the only planet known to have life on it. You are aware of the earth that resulted in the exhibition or evolution and substance of life on it.
Please express your views of this topic Distance vs Displacement by commenting on blog.
Rotation of earth
You know that the earth rotates about an imaginary axis that passes through its north and south poles. The axis of rotation of the earth is slightly tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit. The ad and the night on the earth occur due to this rotation. It also revolves around the sun in its orbit. The earth completes its journey around the sun in 365.25 days, which we call as a year. However the time taken to complete one rotation and one revolution by each planet is different.
Is this topic Gravitational Potential Energy Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Radius and rotation of earth
The change in seasons on the earth takes place due to the tilting of its axis of rotation and the change in. its position with respect to the sun.
Shows the position of the earth in its orbit at four different times in its orbit at four different times of the year. Note that the tilting of the axis of rotation of the earth is always in the same direction. As a result, the tilting of the northern and southern hemisphere of the earth towards the sun keeps changing throughout the year. When the northern hemisphere ids the tilted towards the sun, we experience summer, while it is winter season in the southern hemisphere. Autumn and spring occur when the earth is in between these two extreme positions in its orbit.
Note that the on June 21, the earth is faster away from the sun than on December 22. On this day, we have the longest day in the northern hemisphere, on December 22, the length of the day is the shortest in the northern hemisphere and the longest in the southern hemisphere.
The radius of the earth is equal to approximately 6,371,000 meters based on the large number of samples.
Earth is a third planet on terms of distance from the sun. you are familiar with its shape, size, structure and the atmosphere. It has structure of one natural satellite, the moon. The earth is the only planet known to have life on it. You are aware of the earth that resulted in the exhibition or evolution and substance of life on it.
Please express your views of this topic Distance vs Displacement by commenting on blog.
Rotation of earth
You know that the earth rotates about an imaginary axis that passes through its north and south poles. The axis of rotation of the earth is slightly tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit. The ad and the night on the earth occur due to this rotation. It also revolves around the sun in its orbit. The earth completes its journey around the sun in 365.25 days, which we call as a year. However the time taken to complete one rotation and one revolution by each planet is different.
Is this topic Gravitational Potential Energy Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Radius and rotation of earth
The change in seasons on the earth takes place due to the tilting of its axis of rotation and the change in. its position with respect to the sun.
Shows the position of the earth in its orbit at four different times in its orbit at four different times of the year. Note that the tilting of the axis of rotation of the earth is always in the same direction. As a result, the tilting of the northern and southern hemisphere of the earth towards the sun keeps changing throughout the year. When the northern hemisphere ids the tilted towards the sun, we experience summer, while it is winter season in the southern hemisphere. Autumn and spring occur when the earth is in between these two extreme positions in its orbit.
Note that the on June 21, the earth is faster away from the sun than on December 22. On this day, we have the longest day in the northern hemisphere, on December 22, the length of the day is the shortest in the northern hemisphere and the longest in the southern hemisphere.
The radius of the earth is equal to approximately 6,371,000 meters based on the large number of samples.
Friday, May 24, 2013
Induction Motor Principle
Introduction to induction motor principle:
Induction motors are most common type of electrical motors. It is widely used because of its simple construction, economical cost and ruggedness.
As the name suggests, the motor works on principle of electromagnetic induction. In a way it can be called as rotating transformer because of the close similarity in principle of operation.
Let us study the what the induction motor principle is.
Description of an induction motor
A schematic diagram of an induction motor is shown above. Pairs of electromagnetic poles are housed in a casing called stator. The e electromagnetic poles are wound with conductors to produce magnetism which is called stator windings. A rotating part called rotor is placed in the annular gap of the stator by suitable mountings in such a way that the rotor can rotate freely. The rotor may be either wire wound or may simply be bars of metal. In the latter case, the rotor is called squirrel cage type.
The entire construction is as per the induction motor principle.
Induction motor principle
When a poly-phase AC supply is given to the stator windings, the electromagnets are energized and act as magnets. As the supply is alternating current, the polarity of the poles changes in tune to the frequency of supply. Thus the set of poles create a rotating magnetic field. Please note that there is no rotation actually exists but it is virtual. It is something like you feel the light is moving when a set of lamps glow and disappear in a sequence. The speed of rotation of the magnetic field is called the synchronous speed of the motor and is given by the formula,
synchronous speed in rpm = (120f)/p where f is the frequency of supply and p is the number of poles.
The rotating magnetic field, because of its change in magnetic flux induces current on the rotor. As per Lenz’s, the induced current starts opposing the cause by rotating, thereby trying to nullify the relative motion with respect to the magnetic field. This is how the rotor starts rotating in an induction motor.
The rotor can never attain the synchronous speed because if it does then there is no relative motion with respect to the rotating field and the induced current in the rotor vanishes. The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the motor is called the slip of the induction motor.
Induction motors are most common type of electrical motors. It is widely used because of its simple construction, economical cost and ruggedness.
As the name suggests, the motor works on principle of electromagnetic induction. In a way it can be called as rotating transformer because of the close similarity in principle of operation.
Let us study the what the induction motor principle is.
Description of an induction motor
A schematic diagram of an induction motor is shown above. Pairs of electromagnetic poles are housed in a casing called stator. The e electromagnetic poles are wound with conductors to produce magnetism which is called stator windings. A rotating part called rotor is placed in the annular gap of the stator by suitable mountings in such a way that the rotor can rotate freely. The rotor may be either wire wound or may simply be bars of metal. In the latter case, the rotor is called squirrel cage type.
The entire construction is as per the induction motor principle.
Induction motor principle
When a poly-phase AC supply is given to the stator windings, the electromagnets are energized and act as magnets. As the supply is alternating current, the polarity of the poles changes in tune to the frequency of supply. Thus the set of poles create a rotating magnetic field. Please note that there is no rotation actually exists but it is virtual. It is something like you feel the light is moving when a set of lamps glow and disappear in a sequence. The speed of rotation of the magnetic field is called the synchronous speed of the motor and is given by the formula,
synchronous speed in rpm = (120f)/p where f is the frequency of supply and p is the number of poles.
The rotating magnetic field, because of its change in magnetic flux induces current on the rotor. As per Lenz’s, the induced current starts opposing the cause by rotating, thereby trying to nullify the relative motion with respect to the magnetic field. This is how the rotor starts rotating in an induction motor.
The rotor can never attain the synchronous speed because if it does then there is no relative motion with respect to the rotating field and the induced current in the rotor vanishes. The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the motor is called the slip of the induction motor.
Solar System Satellites
Introduction to solar system satellites:
A satellite is an object that goes around any other body. Natural satellites are celestial, such as a moon that orbits a planet, which is called the primary in a solar system. A natural satellite is a non-artificial satellite of planets. They are also called as moons. They vary in size but are generally smaller than the planet they orbit.Most of the satellites were discovered before the 20th century by visual observations from the Earth, by astronomers like Galileo Galilee, Copernicus and Simon Marius
The more distant planets and their satellites were discovered by means of space probes and super telescopes in the modern technical era of the 20th century. Our solar system has more than 140 natural/ celestial satellites.I like to share this what is conservation of energy with you all through my article.
Satellites of our solar system
Our solar system has nine planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune And the dwarf planet Pluto. Except for Mercury and Venus, all the planets of our solar system have their own satellites.The few planets which have large satellites are Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune.
Dwarf planets, other solar system bodies, asteroids and Neptunium objects also have satellite but are not named yet. These satellites orbit around their primary planet in the solar system.
Earth has a single large moon. This was first observed by Galileo in the 17th century, to have bright mountains, dark plains and be marked by craters.
Mars has two very small satellites.The 4 bright satellites of Jupiter are easily visible with small telescopes and were discovered by Galileo.Saturn has one bright satellite which is visible with the telescope, the rest have very low light.
The Planets and their moons in our solar system:
The following are the listings of the natural satellites of the various planets we know:
Mercury has none, neither Venus.
Our Earth has only one moon.
Mars has Deimos and Phobos.
In case of Jupiter- numbered 62, they are callisto, Europa, Amalthea, Elara, Pasiphae,Sinope, Isonoe,Sponde, Kalkye,Thebe, sponde.
Saturn has around 33,Titan, Dione, Tethys, Mimas, Pandora, Janus, Tarvos, Skadi, Telesto, Calypso,
Uranus has around 27, they are Ophelia, Biance, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Puck, Titania, Galatea.
Pluto, which is no more a planet, used to have only 1 and that is Charon.
Having problem with Buoyancy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion to solar system satellites
Most of the planets have satellites that are too tiny or too far and give very little light to be visible with a telescope from the earth.Charon is so big that it is paired with Pluto and considered to be a double dwarf planet.
A satellite is an object that goes around any other body. Natural satellites are celestial, such as a moon that orbits a planet, which is called the primary in a solar system. A natural satellite is a non-artificial satellite of planets. They are also called as moons. They vary in size but are generally smaller than the planet they orbit.Most of the satellites were discovered before the 20th century by visual observations from the Earth, by astronomers like Galileo Galilee, Copernicus and Simon Marius
The more distant planets and their satellites were discovered by means of space probes and super telescopes in the modern technical era of the 20th century. Our solar system has more than 140 natural/ celestial satellites.I like to share this what is conservation of energy with you all through my article.
Satellites of our solar system
Our solar system has nine planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune And the dwarf planet Pluto. Except for Mercury and Venus, all the planets of our solar system have their own satellites.The few planets which have large satellites are Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune.
Dwarf planets, other solar system bodies, asteroids and Neptunium objects also have satellite but are not named yet. These satellites orbit around their primary planet in the solar system.
Earth has a single large moon. This was first observed by Galileo in the 17th century, to have bright mountains, dark plains and be marked by craters.
Mars has two very small satellites.The 4 bright satellites of Jupiter are easily visible with small telescopes and were discovered by Galileo.Saturn has one bright satellite which is visible with the telescope, the rest have very low light.
The Planets and their moons in our solar system:
The following are the listings of the natural satellites of the various planets we know:
Mercury has none, neither Venus.
Our Earth has only one moon.
Mars has Deimos and Phobos.
In case of Jupiter- numbered 62, they are callisto, Europa, Amalthea, Elara, Pasiphae,Sinope, Isonoe,Sponde, Kalkye,Thebe, sponde.
Saturn has around 33,Titan, Dione, Tethys, Mimas, Pandora, Janus, Tarvos, Skadi, Telesto, Calypso,
Uranus has around 27, they are Ophelia, Biance, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Puck, Titania, Galatea.
Pluto, which is no more a planet, used to have only 1 and that is Charon.
Having problem with Buoyancy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion to solar system satellites
Most of the planets have satellites that are too tiny or too far and give very little light to be visible with a telescope from the earth.Charon is so big that it is paired with Pluto and considered to be a double dwarf planet.
Thursday, May 23, 2013
South Magnetic Pole
Introduction to south magnetic pole:
Earth is roughly a sphere and is divided into several layers ranging from crust to core. The core is again sub-divided in two, namely Inner core and Outer core. It is believed that outer core is liquid in nature and it continuously rotates round the inner core which is solid of tough iron-nickel alloy. We know the fact that, moving metal around another metal generates electrical and magnetic field. This same theory is responsible for the electromagnetic field around the Earth, which is formed by the rotating outer core around inner core.
Geographically our North Pole is in Northern hemisphere and South Pole is Southern hemisphere, and scientifically there are more terms related to poles. Actually what we believe is not true and what we don't know is scientifically proved and true.
Having problem with Perfectly Inelastic Collision keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Poles
Like poles attract each other and unlike poles repel each other, this fact we know from our school days. Same happens in the case when we used to find direction using our magnetic compass and the needle points towards the geographic north and south pole. This fact violates the rule of like and unlike poles attraction and repulsion. So the scientists work again and found that our North pole is actually Magnetic south pole and South pole is actually Magnetic North Pole.
The Earth's South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface where the geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. For historical reasons, the "end" of a magnet that points towards north is known as "north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing towards south, is magnet's "south pole". Because opposite poles attract, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically actually a magnetic north pole and vice versa.
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South Geomagnetic Pole
The geomagnetic field of earth can be approximated using a vision of tilted dipole, somewhat like a bar magnet placed at the center of the Earth. The South Geomagnetic Pole is located at the point where the axis of our engine (magnetic field production plant: CORE) is best-fitted in tilted dipole which intersects the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. Scientists calculated that to be located at 79°44′S 108°13′E / 79.74°S 108.22°E / -79.74; 108.22 , near the Vostok Station.
Earth is roughly a sphere and is divided into several layers ranging from crust to core. The core is again sub-divided in two, namely Inner core and Outer core. It is believed that outer core is liquid in nature and it continuously rotates round the inner core which is solid of tough iron-nickel alloy. We know the fact that, moving metal around another metal generates electrical and magnetic field. This same theory is responsible for the electromagnetic field around the Earth, which is formed by the rotating outer core around inner core.
Geographically our North Pole is in Northern hemisphere and South Pole is Southern hemisphere, and scientifically there are more terms related to poles. Actually what we believe is not true and what we don't know is scientifically proved and true.
Having problem with Perfectly Inelastic Collision keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Poles
Like poles attract each other and unlike poles repel each other, this fact we know from our school days. Same happens in the case when we used to find direction using our magnetic compass and the needle points towards the geographic north and south pole. This fact violates the rule of like and unlike poles attraction and repulsion. So the scientists work again and found that our North pole is actually Magnetic south pole and South pole is actually Magnetic North Pole.
The Earth's South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface where the geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. For historical reasons, the "end" of a magnet that points towards north is known as "north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing towards south, is magnet's "south pole". Because opposite poles attract, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically actually a magnetic north pole and vice versa.
Is this topic Formula for Momentum hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
South Geomagnetic Pole
The geomagnetic field of earth can be approximated using a vision of tilted dipole, somewhat like a bar magnet placed at the center of the Earth. The South Geomagnetic Pole is located at the point where the axis of our engine (magnetic field production plant: CORE) is best-fitted in tilted dipole which intersects the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. Scientists calculated that to be located at 79°44′S 108°13′E / 79.74°S 108.22°E / -79.74; 108.22 , near the Vostok Station.
Energy Efficient Air Conditioners
Introduction:
It is a matter of common experience that living becomes uncomfortable at a place which is hot and humid. On the other hand, we find it comfortable if the place is cool and dry. The climate at a place mainly depends on the temperature, humidity and the rate of flow of air. For comfortable living, the following conditions should be satisfied.
(a) Temperature , 23oC to 25oC.
(b) Humidity, 60 to 65 %
(c) Wind velocity , 0.75 m/s to 2.5 m/s
(d) Fresh air circulation, 25% of the total air circulation.
I like to share this Find Average Velocity with you all through my article.
The condition can be artificially controlled if they are not naturally available. The controlling of the environment in the limited space is called air conditioning.
In summer, temperature and humidity have to be reduced and flow of air is also to be maintained. In winter, temperature has to be raised and humidity may have to be increased.
In hot countries, the "air conditioner" used is such that it sucks air from the room, removes some moisture from it, cools it to some extent and sends it back in the room. In a short time, the room is made 'comfortable'. In cold countries,the air conditioner is used as a heater. By passing the air over heating coil it warms the room.
At places near the sea-shore,during summer, an air conditioner is mainly used for reducing the humidity.
Having problem with Centripetal Force Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Examples of Energy Efficiency Service
Insulating a home or a building to use less heating and a cooling energy in achieving and maintaining a comfortable temperature. The second example is, installing fluorescent lights or skylights for replacing incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination. A compact fluorescent lights requires two-third less energy and it lasts ten times longer than an incandescent light bulb. The Modern energy-efficient appliances too, such as freezers, refrigerators, dishwashers, ovens, stoves and the cloth washers and dryers, use less energy than older appliances. A current energy efficient refrigerator uses 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001. Following this, if all the households in an Europe changed their old appliances into new ones,The 20 billion kWh of electricity would be saved annually, there by a reducing CO2 emissions by almost 18 billion kg.
It is a matter of common experience that living becomes uncomfortable at a place which is hot and humid. On the other hand, we find it comfortable if the place is cool and dry. The climate at a place mainly depends on the temperature, humidity and the rate of flow of air. For comfortable living, the following conditions should be satisfied.
(a) Temperature , 23oC to 25oC.
(b) Humidity, 60 to 65 %
(c) Wind velocity , 0.75 m/s to 2.5 m/s
(d) Fresh air circulation, 25% of the total air circulation.
I like to share this Find Average Velocity with you all through my article.
The condition can be artificially controlled if they are not naturally available. The controlling of the environment in the limited space is called air conditioning.
In summer, temperature and humidity have to be reduced and flow of air is also to be maintained. In winter, temperature has to be raised and humidity may have to be increased.
In hot countries, the "air conditioner" used is such that it sucks air from the room, removes some moisture from it, cools it to some extent and sends it back in the room. In a short time, the room is made 'comfortable'. In cold countries,the air conditioner is used as a heater. By passing the air over heating coil it warms the room.
At places near the sea-shore,during summer, an air conditioner is mainly used for reducing the humidity.
Having problem with Centripetal Force Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Examples of Energy Efficiency Service
Insulating a home or a building to use less heating and a cooling energy in achieving and maintaining a comfortable temperature. The second example is, installing fluorescent lights or skylights for replacing incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination. A compact fluorescent lights requires two-third less energy and it lasts ten times longer than an incandescent light bulb. The Modern energy-efficient appliances too, such as freezers, refrigerators, dishwashers, ovens, stoves and the cloth washers and dryers, use less energy than older appliances. A current energy efficient refrigerator uses 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001. Following this, if all the households in an Europe changed their old appliances into new ones,The 20 billion kWh of electricity would be saved annually, there by a reducing CO2 emissions by almost 18 billion kg.
Electrical Terms
Introduction to electrical terms:
The electrical terms mean that the terms used in current electricity. Before proceeding to the terms of electricity, Let us learn what is electricity? that is it covers various phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.
The terms used in the electricity are electric current, ampere, resistance, ohm,ammeter, voltmeter, closed circuit, open circuit, insulators , conductors etc. While studying the electricity, it is necessary to know these terms which we use in electricity.
We must be familiar with the cells used in a torch to light up its bulb. The cells provide a direct current to the bulb. The direct current is denoted by d.c. This current has a unique direction and it flows from the positive terminal of the cell to its negative terminal through the bulb of torch.
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Different Electrical Terms
Electric current: The current is the rate of flow of charge across the cross section of a conductor, the cross section being normal to the direction of flow of current.
Current(I)=Charge(Q)/time(t)
The current is a scalar quantity. And it is measured in amperes.
Sources of current: There are two types of current are,
1. a.c.(alternating current) which we obtain from the mains in our house and from a.c. generator.
2. d.c.(direct current) which we obtain from a cell or a battery.
Ammeter: It is a device or instrument used to measure the magnitude of current flowing in the circuit.
Voltmeter: It is used to measure the potential difference between the two points of a circuit.
Circuit: The path along which the current flows, is called a circuit. The current flows only if the circuit is complete(closed). And if the circuit is open, the current does not flow.
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Some More Electrical Terms
Potential Difference: When two charged conductors are joined by a metallic wire or they are placed in contact, the free electrons flow from a conductor having more concentration of electrons to the conductor having less concentration of electrons.
Unit of potential difference is volt.
Resistance: The obstruction offered to the flow of current by the filament or wire is called its electrical resistance.
The unit of ohm.
Galvanometer: A galvanometer is used when we want to detect very weak current in an electric current or to know the direction of flow of current in a circuit.
Load: An appliance which is connected in the circuit is called a load.
Connecting wire: These are the wires used to connect the different electrical components.
The electrical terms mean that the terms used in current electricity. Before proceeding to the terms of electricity, Let us learn what is electricity? that is it covers various phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.
The terms used in the electricity are electric current, ampere, resistance, ohm,ammeter, voltmeter, closed circuit, open circuit, insulators , conductors etc. While studying the electricity, it is necessary to know these terms which we use in electricity.
We must be familiar with the cells used in a torch to light up its bulb. The cells provide a direct current to the bulb. The direct current is denoted by d.c. This current has a unique direction and it flows from the positive terminal of the cell to its negative terminal through the bulb of torch.
Please express your views of this topic All Types of Energy by commenting on blog.
Different Electrical Terms
Electric current: The current is the rate of flow of charge across the cross section of a conductor, the cross section being normal to the direction of flow of current.
Current(I)=Charge(Q)/time(t)
The current is a scalar quantity. And it is measured in amperes.
Sources of current: There are two types of current are,
1. a.c.(alternating current) which we obtain from the mains in our house and from a.c. generator.
2. d.c.(direct current) which we obtain from a cell or a battery.
Ammeter: It is a device or instrument used to measure the magnitude of current flowing in the circuit.
Voltmeter: It is used to measure the potential difference between the two points of a circuit.
Circuit: The path along which the current flows, is called a circuit. The current flows only if the circuit is complete(closed). And if the circuit is open, the current does not flow.
Is this topic distance formula physics hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Some More Electrical Terms
Potential Difference: When two charged conductors are joined by a metallic wire or they are placed in contact, the free electrons flow from a conductor having more concentration of electrons to the conductor having less concentration of electrons.
Unit of potential difference is volt.
Resistance: The obstruction offered to the flow of current by the filament or wire is called its electrical resistance.
The unit of ohm.
Galvanometer: A galvanometer is used when we want to detect very weak current in an electric current or to know the direction of flow of current in a circuit.
Load: An appliance which is connected in the circuit is called a load.
Connecting wire: These are the wires used to connect the different electrical components.
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
Vacuum System
Introduction to vacuum system:
It will not be a easy job to clean your homes. So it will be a great easiness in the job if there is some instrument to pick all the dirt from the floor. Yeah, it will be a great advantage of using an device that helps in this. That is the vacuum system.
In the past it was vacuum cleaners that are mainly used in the homes, offices, auditoriums etc. But the cleaners have got some difficulties relating to the portability because it needs to be dragged from one room to another since it is heavier. The vacuum cleaners are having a dust bag in which all the dust collected is stored.
I like to share this Acceleration Formulas with you all through my article.
Vacuum system and its working style
It is the vacuum system which is much more advanced compared to that of the cleaners. The vacuum systems are known as central vacuum system because; in a house almost every room can be accessed using that system. The main advantage is that, here there is no need of any dragging from room to room and the collection of the dirt will be done in the common storage bag.
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Working of vacuum system
The working of the system is in such a way that there will be tubes installed inside the walls of the house an each of the tubes are interconnected. There is no need for extra power supply for each room because there is a power unit that controls the central unit which is enough for each room to do the work.
The tube is the main component the system and the dirt collected will be sent through it. The tube is also capable of running through the areas that are most difficult to reach.
The main advantage of the vacuum system is that it need not be cleaned after every cleaning, just like that of the normal vacuum cleaners. Since it is a central vacuum system it will be having a dust bag which is capable of collecting a large quantity of dirt and so it will be more than enough to clean the bag once in a month.
It will not be a easy job to clean your homes. So it will be a great easiness in the job if there is some instrument to pick all the dirt from the floor. Yeah, it will be a great advantage of using an device that helps in this. That is the vacuum system.
In the past it was vacuum cleaners that are mainly used in the homes, offices, auditoriums etc. But the cleaners have got some difficulties relating to the portability because it needs to be dragged from one room to another since it is heavier. The vacuum cleaners are having a dust bag in which all the dust collected is stored.
I like to share this Acceleration Formulas with you all through my article.
Vacuum system and its working style
It is the vacuum system which is much more advanced compared to that of the cleaners. The vacuum systems are known as central vacuum system because; in a house almost every room can be accessed using that system. The main advantage is that, here there is no need of any dragging from room to room and the collection of the dirt will be done in the common storage bag.
Is this topic Density Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Working of vacuum system
The working of the system is in such a way that there will be tubes installed inside the walls of the house an each of the tubes are interconnected. There is no need for extra power supply for each room because there is a power unit that controls the central unit which is enough for each room to do the work.
The tube is the main component the system and the dirt collected will be sent through it. The tube is also capable of running through the areas that are most difficult to reach.
The main advantage of the vacuum system is that it need not be cleaned after every cleaning, just like that of the normal vacuum cleaners. Since it is a central vacuum system it will be having a dust bag which is capable of collecting a large quantity of dirt and so it will be more than enough to clean the bag once in a month.
Boiling Water Reactor
Introduction to boiling water reactor:
The boiling water reactor is a nuclear reactor used for the generation of electricity. After the pressurized water reactor the boiling water reactor is the most commonly used nuclear reactor. The boiling water reactor uses the neutron moderator and light water as a coolant. In this process the reactor core produces the heat by the nuclear fission reaction and this steam is used to drive the turbines which produce the electricity. After the process is completed this is converted back to liquid water by cooling it in a condenser.
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Major components of the system:
Condensate and feed water:
The steam that comes out of the turbine will be left into the condensers which are placed under the turbines where the steam is cooled and brought back to the liquid state. This water is then again pumped back to the feed water heaters. This water is heated and then again the process of water converting into the steam takes place.
Control system:
Changing the water flow through the reactor core and inserting or withdrawing the control rods are the two methods of controlling the reactor power. Neutron absorption decreases in the control material on the withdrawal of the control rods which increases in the fuel hence the reactor power increases. The neutron absorption increases in the control material when the control rods are withdrawn hence the reactor power decreases.
Steam turbine:
The steam produced is let into the steam separators and drier plates which are situated above the core and directly passed through the turbine. The steam separator and the plates are the part of the reactor circuit; this is used because the water around the core is always contaminated with radionuclides.
Understanding fahrenheit to kelvin formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages:
The pressure required to operate reactor vessel and associated components is less
Reactor vessel is subjected to less radiation when compared to PWR
Can easily operate at a low nuclear fuel temperature
Components are less
Easy to handle
Disadvantages:
There are complex calculations managing the consumption during operation.
The size of the pressure vessel is much larger when compared to PWR
Short lived activation products contaminate the turbine
The boiling water reactor is a nuclear reactor used for the generation of electricity. After the pressurized water reactor the boiling water reactor is the most commonly used nuclear reactor. The boiling water reactor uses the neutron moderator and light water as a coolant. In this process the reactor core produces the heat by the nuclear fission reaction and this steam is used to drive the turbines which produce the electricity. After the process is completed this is converted back to liquid water by cooling it in a condenser.
Is this topic inelastic collisions hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Major components of the system:
Condensate and feed water:
The steam that comes out of the turbine will be left into the condensers which are placed under the turbines where the steam is cooled and brought back to the liquid state. This water is then again pumped back to the feed water heaters. This water is heated and then again the process of water converting into the steam takes place.
Control system:
Changing the water flow through the reactor core and inserting or withdrawing the control rods are the two methods of controlling the reactor power. Neutron absorption decreases in the control material on the withdrawal of the control rods which increases in the fuel hence the reactor power increases. The neutron absorption increases in the control material when the control rods are withdrawn hence the reactor power decreases.
Steam turbine:
The steam produced is let into the steam separators and drier plates which are situated above the core and directly passed through the turbine. The steam separator and the plates are the part of the reactor circuit; this is used because the water around the core is always contaminated with radionuclides.
Understanding fahrenheit to kelvin formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages:
The pressure required to operate reactor vessel and associated components is less
Reactor vessel is subjected to less radiation when compared to PWR
Can easily operate at a low nuclear fuel temperature
Components are less
Easy to handle
Disadvantages:
There are complex calculations managing the consumption during operation.
The size of the pressure vessel is much larger when compared to PWR
Short lived activation products contaminate the turbine
Uses of Spherical Mirrors
Introduction to Uses of Spherical Mirrors
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is curved inwards and outwards. In fact, a spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere of glass. One side of the mirror is well polished and reflecting, and other side of the mirror is opaque.
Spherical mirrors are of two types:
Concave mirrors
Convex mirrors
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Uses of spherical mirrors : Concave and Convex Mirrors
Concave mirrors:
A concave mirror is used as a reflector in torches, search lights, head lights of motor vehicles etc. to get powerful parallel beam of light.
A concave mirror is used as doctor’s head mirrors to focus light on the body parts like eyes, ears, nose, throat etc., to be examined.
A concave mirror is also used as a shaving mirror/makeup mirror, as it can form erect and magnified image of the face.
The dentists use concave mirror to observe large images of the teeth of the patient.
Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar cookers, solar furnace etc.
Large concave mirrors are also used in reflecting type telescope.
Convex mirror:
A convex mirror is used as a reflector in street lamps. As a result, light from the lamp diverges over a large area.
A convex mirror is used by drivers of automobile as a real view mirror. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicles enabling the driver to see traffic behind for safe driving. This is because
(i) A convex mirror produced an erect image of the object.
(ii) Size of image formed by convex mirror is much smaller than the object.
(iii) Convex mirrors have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Therefore, convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area than would be possible with a plane mirror.
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Uses of Spherical Mirrors : Summary
Spherical mirrors can also be used as tricks mirrors to magnify one particular part, and to reduce the other part of an object. You can see a full length image of a tall building in a small convex mirror. One such small convex mirror is fitted in a wall of the Agra fort to observe the full length image of the tall tomb.
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is curved inwards and outwards. In fact, a spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere of glass. One side of the mirror is well polished and reflecting, and other side of the mirror is opaque.
Spherical mirrors are of two types:
Concave mirrors
Convex mirrors
Please express your views of this topic What is Heat Transfer by commenting on blog.
Uses of spherical mirrors : Concave and Convex Mirrors
Concave mirrors:
A concave mirror is used as a reflector in torches, search lights, head lights of motor vehicles etc. to get powerful parallel beam of light.
A concave mirror is used as doctor’s head mirrors to focus light on the body parts like eyes, ears, nose, throat etc., to be examined.
A concave mirror is also used as a shaving mirror/makeup mirror, as it can form erect and magnified image of the face.
The dentists use concave mirror to observe large images of the teeth of the patient.
Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar cookers, solar furnace etc.
Large concave mirrors are also used in reflecting type telescope.
Convex mirror:
A convex mirror is used as a reflector in street lamps. As a result, light from the lamp diverges over a large area.
A convex mirror is used by drivers of automobile as a real view mirror. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicles enabling the driver to see traffic behind for safe driving. This is because
(i) A convex mirror produced an erect image of the object.
(ii) Size of image formed by convex mirror is much smaller than the object.
(iii) Convex mirrors have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Therefore, convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area than would be possible with a plane mirror.
Is this topic Pressure Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Uses of Spherical Mirrors : Summary
Spherical mirrors can also be used as tricks mirrors to magnify one particular part, and to reduce the other part of an object. You can see a full length image of a tall building in a small convex mirror. One such small convex mirror is fitted in a wall of the Agra fort to observe the full length image of the tall tomb.
Tuesday, May 21, 2013
Types of Diffusion
Introduction to types of diffusion:
Conclusive evidence that molecules are in constant motion is provided by the phenomenon of diffusion.
It is a process by which the molecules of one kind penetrate through the spaces between the molecules of another kind.
It is a process of leveling out of the densities of two substances when they are mixed with each other . the mutual penetration of the substance is a result of the random motion of their particles along a certain direction. It is exactly in this direction that diffusion occurs.
Diffusion is observed in solids, liquids and gases.
Understanding University Physics with Modern Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Types of Diffusion
There are three types of diffusion they are,
Diffusion in solids
Diffusion in liquids
Diffusion in gases
Explanation to diffusion in solids, liquids and gases
Diffusion in Solids: A lead plate and a gold plate are pressed together for several months. They are found to inter growth that is their atoms begin to penetrate into the other sheet. In five years time, the atoms can penetrate up to a depth of about one millimeter.
Diffusion in liquids: Place some hydrated crystals of copper sulphate at the bottom of the tall jar containing water. Leave the jar undistributed so that the water in it remains still. After some time, a dense blue color has extended uniformly throughout the liquid.
The same phenomenon can also be observed if we carefully pour water into a vessel which contains a uniform solution of copper sulphate.Having problem with Pressure Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Diffusion in gases: Gases have a natural tendency of mixing with one another. if you open a jar of chlorine or ammonia in a large room the presence of the gases can be detected within a few seconds because of its powerful color is heavier than air it does not remain at the floor level.
This can be explained in the terms of the molecular behavior. The molecules of the gas coming out of the jar collide with the air molecules and start moving randomly in all the possible directions.
Conclusive evidence that molecules are in constant motion is provided by the phenomenon of diffusion.
It is a process by which the molecules of one kind penetrate through the spaces between the molecules of another kind.
It is a process of leveling out of the densities of two substances when they are mixed with each other . the mutual penetration of the substance is a result of the random motion of their particles along a certain direction. It is exactly in this direction that diffusion occurs.
Diffusion is observed in solids, liquids and gases.
Understanding University Physics with Modern Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Types of Diffusion
There are three types of diffusion they are,
Diffusion in solids
Diffusion in liquids
Diffusion in gases
Explanation to diffusion in solids, liquids and gases
Diffusion in Solids: A lead plate and a gold plate are pressed together for several months. They are found to inter growth that is their atoms begin to penetrate into the other sheet. In five years time, the atoms can penetrate up to a depth of about one millimeter.
Diffusion in liquids: Place some hydrated crystals of copper sulphate at the bottom of the tall jar containing water. Leave the jar undistributed so that the water in it remains still. After some time, a dense blue color has extended uniformly throughout the liquid.
The same phenomenon can also be observed if we carefully pour water into a vessel which contains a uniform solution of copper sulphate.Having problem with Pressure Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Diffusion in gases: Gases have a natural tendency of mixing with one another. if you open a jar of chlorine or ammonia in a large room the presence of the gases can be detected within a few seconds because of its powerful color is heavier than air it does not remain at the floor level.
This can be explained in the terms of the molecular behavior. The molecules of the gas coming out of the jar collide with the air molecules and start moving randomly in all the possible directions.
Solar System Objects
Introduction to solar system objects
The part of the universe in which we live is called the solar system. The solar system consists of planet, moons, asteroids, comets, etc. The sun, its planets, moons and all heavenly bodies revolving around the sun, collectively called the solar system. The center of our solar system is sun and all the planets revolve around the sun in the fixed orbits due to the influence of gravitational force of the sun.
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Solar System Objects : Planets
There are nine planets in our solar system. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Planets are the heavenly bodies which revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbits. Planets have no light of their own. The brightest planet in our solar system is Venus and Pluto is the smallest planet in our solar system. The biggest of all is Jupiter . The red planet is Mars because the colour of Mars is reddish-orange. The first four planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars are called the terrestrial planets, because they all have well defined surface containing rocks and soil. The other five planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are called Jovian planets, because they are like the Jupiter and they are gaseous in nature. All the planets revolve west to east around the sun except Uranus. Four planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have rings around them.
Solar System Planets : Moons
A solid heavenly body, which revolves around the planets, are called the natural satellites or moons. Moon is the name specifically given to the artificial satellites. Moons do not have their own light. They reflect the light of sun falling on them. Earth has only one moon, whose size is one fourth of the earth and mass is one eighth of the earth. Our moon has no atmosphere and the temperature is 110° C at the daytime and – 150 °C at the nighttime. Our moon completes one revolution around the earth in 27.33 days. The surface of our moon is rocky and mountainous. Mars has two moons, Jupiter has fifty-eight moons, Saturn has thirty moons, Uranus has twenty one moons, Neptune has eleven moons, Pluto has one moon.
Solar System Objects : Asteroids
The orbits between the Mars and Jupiter, there are millions of small rocky, irregular objects which revolve around the sun are called the asteroids. The belt in which the asteroids revolve around the sun is called asteroid belt. They are also called as minor planets or planetoids. The largest asteroid is of 940 km in diameter, this asteroid is named as Ceres, given by the scientist Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801. Some of the asteroids have moons also.
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Solar System Objects : Comets
A wandering lump of ice and dust from the solar system or outside which move around the sun in very large orbits are called comets. Halley’s comet is the famous comet which was last seen in 1986, it has a period of 76 years.
The part of the universe in which we live is called the solar system. The solar system consists of planet, moons, asteroids, comets, etc. The sun, its planets, moons and all heavenly bodies revolving around the sun, collectively called the solar system. The center of our solar system is sun and all the planets revolve around the sun in the fixed orbits due to the influence of gravitational force of the sun.
Please express your views of this topic Rotational Momentum by commenting on blog.
Solar System Objects : Planets
There are nine planets in our solar system. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Planets are the heavenly bodies which revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbits. Planets have no light of their own. The brightest planet in our solar system is Venus and Pluto is the smallest planet in our solar system. The biggest of all is Jupiter . The red planet is Mars because the colour of Mars is reddish-orange. The first four planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars are called the terrestrial planets, because they all have well defined surface containing rocks and soil. The other five planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are called Jovian planets, because they are like the Jupiter and they are gaseous in nature. All the planets revolve west to east around the sun except Uranus. Four planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have rings around them.
Solar System Planets : Moons
A solid heavenly body, which revolves around the planets, are called the natural satellites or moons. Moon is the name specifically given to the artificial satellites. Moons do not have their own light. They reflect the light of sun falling on them. Earth has only one moon, whose size is one fourth of the earth and mass is one eighth of the earth. Our moon has no atmosphere and the temperature is 110° C at the daytime and – 150 °C at the nighttime. Our moon completes one revolution around the earth in 27.33 days. The surface of our moon is rocky and mountainous. Mars has two moons, Jupiter has fifty-eight moons, Saturn has thirty moons, Uranus has twenty one moons, Neptune has eleven moons, Pluto has one moon.
Solar System Objects : Asteroids
The orbits between the Mars and Jupiter, there are millions of small rocky, irregular objects which revolve around the sun are called the asteroids. The belt in which the asteroids revolve around the sun is called asteroid belt. They are also called as minor planets or planetoids. The largest asteroid is of 940 km in diameter, this asteroid is named as Ceres, given by the scientist Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801. Some of the asteroids have moons also.
Is this topic Projectile Motion Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Solar System Objects : Comets
A wandering lump of ice and dust from the solar system or outside which move around the sun in very large orbits are called comets. Halley’s comet is the famous comet which was last seen in 1986, it has a period of 76 years.
Magnetic Susceptibility Unit
Introduction to Magnetic Susceptibility unit:
Magnetic susceptibility is a property of any magnetic specimen which determines, how easily and how fast a specimen can be magnetized if it is placed inside a uniform magnetic field. Qualitatively, susceptibility of a magnetic material is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetization (I) induced in the material to the magnetizing force (H) applied. Susceptibility is represented as ?m thus
?m = I / H
Since the definition of the susceptibility contains the magnetic moment per unit volume (I) thus ?m is usually called volume susceptibility of the material.
I like to share this Electric and Magnetic Fields with you all through my article.
Values of Magnetic Susceptibility
The value of the magnetic susceptibility determines the type of the magnetic material, if the magnetic susceptibility of any material has a negative value and it is independent of the temperature then the material is a diamagnetic material and if the magnetic susceptibility is positive and proportional inversely to the temperature of the substance then the material is a paramagnetic substance but the value of the magnetic susceptibility is less than one in both cases. The substances which are magnetic must possess a positive value of the magnetic susceptibility.
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Unit of Magnetic Susceptibility for various elements
As discussed above the magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of the intensity of magnetization and the magnetization force and they both has same unit equal to the ampere per meter (A m-1) thus magnetic susceptibility has no units but its value determines the nature of the magnetic substance. the magnetic susceptibility of some paramagnetic and diamagnetic substance is given below:
Paramagnetic substances:
Aluminium (Al) 0.82
Iron Aluminium alloy 38.2
Calcium (Ca) 1.4
Chromium (Cr) 4.5
Cuprous oxide (CuO) 1.5
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 26.0
Magnesium (Mg) 0.69
Manganese (Mn) 1
Platinum (Pt) 1.65
Tantalum (Ta) 1.1
Diamagnetic substance:
Bismuth (Bi) -1.7
Cadmium (Cd) -0.23
Copper (Cu) -0.11
Diamond -0.62
Germanium (Ge) -0.15
Gold (Au) -0.19
Helium (He) -0.59
Lead (Pb) -0.18
Silver (Ag) -0.25
Magnetic susceptibility is a property of any magnetic specimen which determines, how easily and how fast a specimen can be magnetized if it is placed inside a uniform magnetic field. Qualitatively, susceptibility of a magnetic material is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetization (I) induced in the material to the magnetizing force (H) applied. Susceptibility is represented as ?m thus
?m = I / H
Since the definition of the susceptibility contains the magnetic moment per unit volume (I) thus ?m is usually called volume susceptibility of the material.
I like to share this Electric and Magnetic Fields with you all through my article.
Values of Magnetic Susceptibility
The value of the magnetic susceptibility determines the type of the magnetic material, if the magnetic susceptibility of any material has a negative value and it is independent of the temperature then the material is a diamagnetic material and if the magnetic susceptibility is positive and proportional inversely to the temperature of the substance then the material is a paramagnetic substance but the value of the magnetic susceptibility is less than one in both cases. The substances which are magnetic must possess a positive value of the magnetic susceptibility.
Is this topic Inverse Square Law Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Unit of Magnetic Susceptibility for various elements
As discussed above the magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of the intensity of magnetization and the magnetization force and they both has same unit equal to the ampere per meter (A m-1) thus magnetic susceptibility has no units but its value determines the nature of the magnetic substance. the magnetic susceptibility of some paramagnetic and diamagnetic substance is given below:
Paramagnetic substances:
Aluminium (Al) 0.82
Iron Aluminium alloy 38.2
Calcium (Ca) 1.4
Chromium (Cr) 4.5
Cuprous oxide (CuO) 1.5
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 26.0
Magnesium (Mg) 0.69
Manganese (Mn) 1
Platinum (Pt) 1.65
Tantalum (Ta) 1.1
Diamagnetic substance:
Bismuth (Bi) -1.7
Cadmium (Cd) -0.23
Copper (Cu) -0.11
Diamond -0.62
Germanium (Ge) -0.15
Gold (Au) -0.19
Helium (He) -0.59
Lead (Pb) -0.18
Silver (Ag) -0.25
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