Satellite Technology

Introduction to satellite technology:

A satellite is a automatic device which is placed in the orbit for special purposes.They are maintained and controlled from dedicated control stations from earth.They are placed in the orbit which is an elliptical or circular imaginary path by specially designed launch vehicles.The satellites are powered by solar energy and have the necessary mechanisms which maintains the alignments and axes accurately. The satellites mainly contains transponders (transmitter-responder),an electronic device which amplifies the received signal and retransmits back to earth station in different frequency.We can classify the satellites as communication satellites,weather satellites,broadcasting satellites,navigation satellites,military satellites etc

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Key elements in satellite technology


Satellite Technology  is about moving data or information across large distances under some specific resource constraints:

bandwidth
power
mass
size
speed
The system optimization depends on the application, but it always aims towards minimizing the use of resources in the space segment given the difficulty to replace those resources. While mass and size are simple to understand, power, bandwidth and speed can always be traded off in order to achieve the target bit error rate required by a particular application.

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Orbits launching and frequency of operation


We can classify the satellite orbits as mentioned below:

1.Circular or elliptical orbit

Circular with center at earth’s center
Elliptical with one focus at earth’s center
2.Orbit around earth in different planes

Equatorial orbit above earth’s equator
Polar orbit passes over both poles
Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits
3.Altitude of satellites

Geostationary orbit (GEO) - 36000 km above earth surface
Medium earth orbit (MEO) -   6000 - 20000 km above the earth surface
Low earth orbit (LEO) - 500-1500 km above the earth surface
Launching of satellite:

Satellites are launched using a launch vehicles whose capacity varies as the destination orbit.The initial speed of the launch vehicle must be at least 11 km /s to get out of the earths gravity force.The payload (satellite) is kept at the head end of the vehicle since all the other parts of the vehicle gets detached or burnt on the way.

Frequency of operation:

All satellites operate in microwave frequency ranging from 1 GHz to 40GHz which is further classified L,S,C,X,Ku,K,Ka bands.All satellites use two different frequencies for up link(earth station to satellite) and down link (satellite to earth) in an operating band however these frequencies are not fixed for a particular band.