Introduction:
In physics we study the particles of extremely small size and those of extremely large size. The methods and tools of their study are different. In addition to finding the facts by observations and experimentation we attempt to discover the nature of physical laws which are obeyed by small as well as large size particles.
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Conservation of Energy
If force acting on a body is conservative, then mechanical energy of body remains constant. The well known example is the free fall of a particle under gravity. If the force is not conservative, the conservation of energy principle states that the total energy of the universe remains constant. This is the general law of conservation of energy. The nature of physical lawslaw of conservation energy is true for all forces and all types of energy transformation.
Conservation of Linear Momentum
It states that if the external force acting on a system of particles is zero, then the linear momentum of the system remains constant. For example the law of conservation of linear momentum is that if external force is zero, the linear momentum of an isolated system is constant. Thus for validity of nature of physical laws the system must be free from all external forces.
Conservation of Angular Momentum
It states that if the external torque acting on the system of particles is zero, then its angular momentum remains constant. The law is independent of size, location and nature of system. For example, nature of physical laws the angular momentum of an electron revolving around a small nucleus is constant.
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Mass – Energy Conservation
Nature of physical laws,according to Einstein mass and energy are not separate quantities but mass may be converted into energy and vice-versa. The equivalence relation between mass and energy is E=mc2, where E is energy in joule, m is mass in kilogram and c is speed of light in metre/ second. Accordingly if energy E is lost, mass m is increased and if mass m is lost, then energy E appears.
Thursday, April 25, 2013
Pressure Manometer
Introduction to pressure manometer:
The thrust (total normal force) per unit area of the surface is called pressure. The SI unit of pressure is Newton per square meter (Nm-2). It is a scalar. A given body may produce different pressures depending on its position. Liquid contained in a vessel exert thrust at all points below their free surface, and this thrust exerted in all directions. This distribution of thrust exerted by a liquid due to its own weight is called the liquid pressure. The factors on which the liquid pressure depends can be studied by using a manometer.
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U-tube manometer
A manometer is a simple instrument used to indicate changes in pressure. It consists of a glass u-tube, containing coloured water or a liquid or a mercury (if the changes in pressure to be measured are large). This u-tube is mounted on a wooden stand in the vertical position. A scale is fixed to the stand to read the levels of the liquid in the two arms. One end of the tube is open while the other end is connected to a rubber tube. To measure the pressure inside a liquid a thistle funnel ( a funnel with globular or cylindrical head) is closed by fixing a thin rubber membrane over it.
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Explanation to pressure manometer
If we press the rubber membrane, there is a change in the levels of the liquid in the two arms of the u-tube. The difference in the levels indicates the effect of the applied pressure. The pressure on the membrane is transmitted to the air in the rubber tube. The air transmits this pressure to the liquid in the closed arm of the u-tube. The liquid level in this arm is lowered, while in the open arm it rises. As soon as the pressure on the membrane is withdrawn, the levels in the two arms of the u-tube become equal.
The thrust (total normal force) per unit area of the surface is called pressure. The SI unit of pressure is Newton per square meter (Nm-2). It is a scalar. A given body may produce different pressures depending on its position. Liquid contained in a vessel exert thrust at all points below their free surface, and this thrust exerted in all directions. This distribution of thrust exerted by a liquid due to its own weight is called the liquid pressure. The factors on which the liquid pressure depends can be studied by using a manometer.
Please express your views of this topic Define Second Law of Thermodynamics by commenting on blog.
U-tube manometer
A manometer is a simple instrument used to indicate changes in pressure. It consists of a glass u-tube, containing coloured water or a liquid or a mercury (if the changes in pressure to be measured are large). This u-tube is mounted on a wooden stand in the vertical position. A scale is fixed to the stand to read the levels of the liquid in the two arms. One end of the tube is open while the other end is connected to a rubber tube. To measure the pressure inside a liquid a thistle funnel ( a funnel with globular or cylindrical head) is closed by fixing a thin rubber membrane over it.
Is this topic Equation for Angular Acceleration hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Explanation to pressure manometer
If we press the rubber membrane, there is a change in the levels of the liquid in the two arms of the u-tube. The difference in the levels indicates the effect of the applied pressure. The pressure on the membrane is transmitted to the air in the rubber tube. The air transmits this pressure to the liquid in the closed arm of the u-tube. The liquid level in this arm is lowered, while in the open arm it rises. As soon as the pressure on the membrane is withdrawn, the levels in the two arms of the u-tube become equal.
Wednesday, April 24, 2013
Linear Speed
Let us first look into the definition
of speed. The distance covered by any object or body calculated per
unit time is called speed. We know that the motion can be of various
types. It can be circular, linear etc. In circular motion the object
moves in a circle. In linear motion as the word suggest the movement
is in a particular direction which is defined and known.
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Hence the question arises what is the
need of naming another type of speed when it is similar in all sense
to “speed”. Think of the situation when we have both circular and
linear motion and the terms we will use for speed when we will be
dealing with these both simultaneously. That is why these concepts
are so important.
Linear speed is speed calculated in a
particular direction. By one direction we mean linearity. This could
be in any direction be it north, south or east. Linearity if
disturbed will lead to another kind of motion.
Let us now discuss linear speed
formula.
We can say it is similar to “speed”
when circular motion is not involved. Then it will be lnr speed =
distance covered / time taken.
But when we have circular motion in
action then we have a different formula.
It is expressed as:
V = omega r - - - - - - - - - (1)
Here v is the linear speed.
Omega is the circular speed.
R is the body radius.
Let us now discuss how to find Linear
Speed. We will take a simple example to discuss this concept. Let us
assume that the circular speed is 20 rotations per minute and the
time taken is 20 minutes. As we know we need radius of the wheel
also. So let us assume it to be 1 m.
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Now we know that
V = w r - - - - - - - - - (2)
So here w = 20 and radius is one.
V = 20 * 1 = 20 meter per minute. - - -
- - - - - -(3)
The units of representation may change
according to the terms that we have used.
This is how we use the formula for
calculations. Linear speed concept is very important as it is used to
simplify various calculations related to science.
Instantaneous Acceleration
As we know that acceleration (a) is the rate of changing the velocity of object with time, so both are vector quantity not a scalar quantity. This is a type of force and explained by the Newton second law. This is measured in terms of meter per square of time unit. It is directly proportional to the applied net force of the constant mass body in classical mechanics.
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So mathematically it can be shown with its formula that is; a = v x t,
where, (a) is the moving body’s (a), v is the velocity, and t denotes the taken time.
Here we discuss instantaneous acceleration (IA). This can be described as the average (a) limit when the interval of time goes to zero. Or it is the (a) at a particular point of time in very short time interval approaches zero. This is very important factor in laws of mechanics.
We can answer the question that How to Find Instantaneous Acceleration by taking knowledge about the Instantaneous Acceleration Formula. For describing the formula, we will find the value of for a moving body in a particular time period. This value of (a) at any instant of time shows the Instantaneous Acceleration Equation.
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Here we consider the particle’s velocity which moves on a curve is the time function, so the equation can be written as: the rate of change in velocity or a = limt?0 (dv /dt) or limit?0 (d2x/dt2).
The (a) can be either constant or varying accordingly. So if we plot a graph between the velocities with time then we find a straight line. This is the Instantaneous Acceleration Graph as shown below;
We can better explain it by taking some mathematical problems base on IA. For example; calculate the (a) in the time limit 0 = t = 6 for a moving particle whose velocity is t3/3 – 4t2 + 16t – 64.
As we know the formula for IA that is a = limt?0 (dv /dt) or limit?0 (d2x/dt2), so a = d/dt (t^3/3 – 4t^2 + 16t – 64), a = d (t^3/3 – 4t^2 + 16t – 64)dt
or a = 3t^2/3 - 8t + 16
So the IA at t = 6 seconds is given by; a = limt?6 (t^2 - 8t + 16),
Or a = 36- 8 × 6 + 16
Or a = 36 - 48 + 16
Or a = 52-48 = 4 m/s^2.
Similar we can also take other examples like find the value of (a). Thus we can see that the (a) is a function of time.
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So mathematically it can be shown with its formula that is; a = v x t,
where, (a) is the moving body’s (a), v is the velocity, and t denotes the taken time.
Here we discuss instantaneous acceleration (IA). This can be described as the average (a) limit when the interval of time goes to zero. Or it is the (a) at a particular point of time in very short time interval approaches zero. This is very important factor in laws of mechanics.
We can answer the question that How to Find Instantaneous Acceleration by taking knowledge about the Instantaneous Acceleration Formula. For describing the formula, we will find the value of for a moving body in a particular time period. This value of (a) at any instant of time shows the Instantaneous Acceleration Equation.
Having problem with Elastic Potential Energy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Here we consider the particle’s velocity which moves on a curve is the time function, so the equation can be written as: the rate of change in velocity or a = limt?0 (dv /dt) or limit?0 (d2x/dt2).
The (a) can be either constant or varying accordingly. So if we plot a graph between the velocities with time then we find a straight line. This is the Instantaneous Acceleration Graph as shown below;
We can better explain it by taking some mathematical problems base on IA. For example; calculate the (a) in the time limit 0 = t = 6 for a moving particle whose velocity is t3/3 – 4t2 + 16t – 64.
As we know the formula for IA that is a = limt?0 (dv /dt) or limit?0 (d2x/dt2), so a = d/dt (t^3/3 – 4t^2 + 16t – 64), a = d (t^3/3 – 4t^2 + 16t – 64)dt
or a = 3t^2/3 - 8t + 16
So the IA at t = 6 seconds is given by; a = limt?6 (t^2 - 8t + 16),
Or a = 36- 8 × 6 + 16
Or a = 36 - 48 + 16
Or a = 52-48 = 4 m/s^2.
Similar we can also take other examples like find the value of (a). Thus we can see that the (a) is a function of time.
Thursday, April 18, 2013
Wind Energy Today
Introduction to Wind Energy Today
The motion of air along the surface of the surface is called wind. A wind with velocity of 3m/s to 5m/s is weak and can only shake the smaller branches of a tree while a wind with a velocity of 13m/s to 15m/s is strong and able to affect a person while he is walking.
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Description about wind energy today
Atmospheric air is almost in state of fast continuous motion. Air moves from the regions of higher pressure to those where the air pressure is lower this pressure difference can arise due to different regions. For example, sea breeze appears do to non uniform heating of the ground and water by solar radiation as well as due to the different rate of cooling at night. On a summer day, a sea beach is heated to a larger extent than the sea surface. The winds blowing in summer in one direction and in winter in the opposite direction are generated similarly. Solar energy is one of the main factors responsible for the movement of air in the atmosphere.
Wind energy farm today
The electric power output of a single wind mill is quite small and cannot be used for commercial purpose. Therefore, a large number of wind mills are erected over a large area. A cluster of wind mills is called a wind energy farm. The main requirements for wind farm are a site where the mill blows constantly and from a consistent direction, such as a mountain passes, of shores locations and island.
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Merits of wind energy today
1. It is a non-polluting and environmental friendly source of energy.
2. It is an important renewable and sustainable source of energy.
3. The generation period is low and the power generation starts immediately after commissioning of the windmill.
4. Power generation is a cheaper as there is no shorter of input. The recurring expenses are almost nil.
The motion of air along the surface of the surface is called wind. A wind with velocity of 3m/s to 5m/s is weak and can only shake the smaller branches of a tree while a wind with a velocity of 13m/s to 15m/s is strong and able to affect a person while he is walking.
I like to share this Elastic Potential Energy Formula with you all through my article.
Description about wind energy today
Atmospheric air is almost in state of fast continuous motion. Air moves from the regions of higher pressure to those where the air pressure is lower this pressure difference can arise due to different regions. For example, sea breeze appears do to non uniform heating of the ground and water by solar radiation as well as due to the different rate of cooling at night. On a summer day, a sea beach is heated to a larger extent than the sea surface. The winds blowing in summer in one direction and in winter in the opposite direction are generated similarly. Solar energy is one of the main factors responsible for the movement of air in the atmosphere.
Wind energy farm today
The electric power output of a single wind mill is quite small and cannot be used for commercial purpose. Therefore, a large number of wind mills are erected over a large area. A cluster of wind mills is called a wind energy farm. The main requirements for wind farm are a site where the mill blows constantly and from a consistent direction, such as a mountain passes, of shores locations and island.
Having problem with Free Fall Formulas keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Merits of wind energy today
1. It is a non-polluting and environmental friendly source of energy.
2. It is an important renewable and sustainable source of energy.
3. The generation period is low and the power generation starts immediately after commissioning of the windmill.
4. Power generation is a cheaper as there is no shorter of input. The recurring expenses are almost nil.
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
WaveLength
Uv Wavelength
A wave can be simply defined as a form of energy that is able to travel from one point to other. A wave travels in a particular pattern. Wavelength is measurement of wave size. Let’s suppose that a wave is travelling from one point to other. Now if we measure the distance between two consecutive high points of that wave, the result is wave-length. Similarly, distance between two consecutive troughs of a wave also defines wave-length (WL).
I like to share this frequency to wavelength equation with you all through my article.
Waves that arise as a result of oscillating magnetic and electric fields are known as electromagnetic waves. Example includes UV waves. If we talk about electromagnetic spectrum, UV waves falls between visible light and X-rays. This is due to the fact that WL of UV waves ranges from 380 nm to 10 nm. UV waves that have WL between 380 nm to 200 nm are known as near UV waves. On the other hand, UV waves having WL of 200 to 10 nm are known as extreme UV rays.
Longest Wavelength
WL is defined as distance between two consecutive wave crests. Electromagnetic spectrum includes electromagnetic waves arranged in accordance to their WL. Among these gamma rays have the shortest WL while the radio waves have the longest one. Radio waves have WL ranging from few mm to 20 meters.
Since radio waves have longest WL, they have most poor resolution. This is the reason that radio telescopes are made up of large metallic dishes or even several metallic dishes arranged in a row to serve as large telescope. These dishes reflect the radio waves to a point that is known as focus point.
Microwave Wavelength
Microwave WL falls in a range between that of radio waves and infrared rays. Microwave rays have WL ranging from 1 mm to 25 μm. Hence some longer microwaves can easily enter the earth’s atmosphere while the other shorter microwaves cannot.
Since these waves have better resolution as compared to radio waves, microwave telescopes are not as large as the radio telescopes.
Units of Wavelength
WL is measured in meters. To measure relatively smaller WLs of some electromagnetic radiations (UV rays, X-rays etc), other units are used. These are namely micrometer (μm), millimetre (mm), nano-meter (nm) etc. Angstrom is also used to measure WL. One angstrom is equals to 10-10 m.
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Wavelength to Energy
Energy of a wave is given by following formula:
E= hv
Here E= energy of wave
h=Plank constant
v= frequency of wave
Since v= c/ λ
Where v= frequency of wave
c=speed of light
λ= WL of wave
Hence
E= hc/ λ
Hence WL of a wave is inversely proportional to its energy. Shorter waves have higher energy content as compared to those with longer WL.
A wave can be simply defined as a form of energy that is able to travel from one point to other. A wave travels in a particular pattern. Wavelength is measurement of wave size. Let’s suppose that a wave is travelling from one point to other. Now if we measure the distance between two consecutive high points of that wave, the result is wave-length. Similarly, distance between two consecutive troughs of a wave also defines wave-length (WL).
I like to share this frequency to wavelength equation with you all through my article.
Waves that arise as a result of oscillating magnetic and electric fields are known as electromagnetic waves. Example includes UV waves. If we talk about electromagnetic spectrum, UV waves falls between visible light and X-rays. This is due to the fact that WL of UV waves ranges from 380 nm to 10 nm. UV waves that have WL between 380 nm to 200 nm are known as near UV waves. On the other hand, UV waves having WL of 200 to 10 nm are known as extreme UV rays.
Longest Wavelength
WL is defined as distance between two consecutive wave crests. Electromagnetic spectrum includes electromagnetic waves arranged in accordance to their WL. Among these gamma rays have the shortest WL while the radio waves have the longest one. Radio waves have WL ranging from few mm to 20 meters.
Since radio waves have longest WL, they have most poor resolution. This is the reason that radio telescopes are made up of large metallic dishes or even several metallic dishes arranged in a row to serve as large telescope. These dishes reflect the radio waves to a point that is known as focus point.
Microwave Wavelength
Microwave WL falls in a range between that of radio waves and infrared rays. Microwave rays have WL ranging from 1 mm to 25 μm. Hence some longer microwaves can easily enter the earth’s atmosphere while the other shorter microwaves cannot.
Since these waves have better resolution as compared to radio waves, microwave telescopes are not as large as the radio telescopes.
Units of Wavelength
WL is measured in meters. To measure relatively smaller WLs of some electromagnetic radiations (UV rays, X-rays etc), other units are used. These are namely micrometer (μm), millimetre (mm), nano-meter (nm) etc. Angstrom is also used to measure WL. One angstrom is equals to 10-10 m.
Having problem with Define Second Law of Thermodynamics keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Wavelength to Energy
Energy of a wave is given by following formula:
E= hv
Here E= energy of wave
h=Plank constant
v= frequency of wave
Since v= c/ λ
Where v= frequency of wave
c=speed of light
λ= WL of wave
Hence
E= hc/ λ
Hence WL of a wave is inversely proportional to its energy. Shorter waves have higher energy content as compared to those with longer WL.
Radio Wave Speed
Radio Wave Speed
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves and hence have speed of light. However radio wave are believed to travel at speed higher than that of light as in case of “Pulsers”.
Wave Speed Definition
It is defined as distance travelled by a particular wave crest in a given time interval.
Formula for Wave Speed
Wave SD formula is given below:
Wave SD= λ * v
Here λ= wave length
And v = wave frequency
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What is Wave Speed
A wave is produced as a result of energy form that can travel from one point to other. Let’s take example of water waves that arise when a swimmer dives into the pool. The dive produce disturbance and energy of pool produce water waves that travel from the point of dive to the other side of pool. The wave can be thought of as a series of alternate crests and troughs. Now think about a particular crest moving through the pool. If we measure the distance travelled by that particular wave crest in a given time period, we are measuring the speed (SD) of wave. Suppose that a wave crest travels 10 m in 5 seconds, then the wave SD will be 10/5= 2 m/s. Similarly if a wave crest is travelling 15 m in 5 seconds, then the wave SD will be 15/5= 3 m/s.
Let’s consider other aspect of wave SD. So far we have seen that a wave is travelling from one point to other point in a pool or any other medium. If we suppose that the wave faces some other medium at its extreme point of travelling, the wave will be reflected and will travel in opposite direction now. For example if we produce a wave in a slinky, it will travel to the end where it encounters the wall. The wave is reflected and is made to travel back to its origin i.e. back to the first extreme.
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Speed of a Wave Formula
Wave SD is measured using following formula:
Wave SD (v)= wave frequency * wavelength
Here wave frequency is measured in Hertz and wavelength in meter, the wave SD comes in meter/ second.
Form the above equation; we can deduce that wave SD is directly proportional to wave frequency and wave length. As we know that wave frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength, with increasing wave frequency, wavelength decreases. Hence the wave speed remain almost constant with the above two changing parameters.
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves and hence have speed of light. However radio wave are believed to travel at speed higher than that of light as in case of “Pulsers”.
Wave Speed Definition
It is defined as distance travelled by a particular wave crest in a given time interval.
Formula for Wave Speed
Wave SD formula is given below:
Wave SD= λ * v
Here λ= wave length
And v = wave frequency
Please express your views of this topic Visible Electromagnetic Spectrum by commenting on blog.
What is Wave Speed
A wave is produced as a result of energy form that can travel from one point to other. Let’s take example of water waves that arise when a swimmer dives into the pool. The dive produce disturbance and energy of pool produce water waves that travel from the point of dive to the other side of pool. The wave can be thought of as a series of alternate crests and troughs. Now think about a particular crest moving through the pool. If we measure the distance travelled by that particular wave crest in a given time period, we are measuring the speed (SD) of wave. Suppose that a wave crest travels 10 m in 5 seconds, then the wave SD will be 10/5= 2 m/s. Similarly if a wave crest is travelling 15 m in 5 seconds, then the wave SD will be 15/5= 3 m/s.
Let’s consider other aspect of wave SD. So far we have seen that a wave is travelling from one point to other point in a pool or any other medium. If we suppose that the wave faces some other medium at its extreme point of travelling, the wave will be reflected and will travel in opposite direction now. For example if we produce a wave in a slinky, it will travel to the end where it encounters the wall. The wave is reflected and is made to travel back to its origin i.e. back to the first extreme.
Is this topic wavelength to frequency equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Speed of a Wave Formula
Wave SD is measured using following formula:
Wave SD (v)= wave frequency * wavelength
Here wave frequency is measured in Hertz and wavelength in meter, the wave SD comes in meter/ second.
Form the above equation; we can deduce that wave SD is directly proportional to wave frequency and wave length. As we know that wave frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength, with increasing wave frequency, wavelength decreases. Hence the wave speed remain almost constant with the above two changing parameters.
Wave Frequency
Frequency Range of Radio Waves
Waves have some characteristics features. All waves are made up of crests and troughs. Crests represent the high points while the troughs are the low points of a wave.
Wavelength of a wave is defined as distance between two consecutive crests or between two consecutive troughs.
The frequency or ‘f’ of a wave measures total number of wavelengths that are passing through a particular point in unit time.
Freq. is measured in Hertz. Some other common units for freq. are kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz etc.
The radio waves have wavelengths longer than the infrared in the wavelength spectrum. The radio waves have freq. between 3 KHz to 300 GHz.
I like to share this frequency to wavelength equation with you all through my article.
Wave Frequency Formula
Any wave has three important characteristics:
1. Velocity (v);
2. Frequency (f); and
3. Wavelength (λ).
These characteristics are related to each other by a formula which is known as wave ‘f’ formula and is given by;
v = f * λ;
here; v = velocity of wave, f = ‘f’ of wave and λ = wavelength of wave.
What is the Frequency of Radio Waves
Radio waves are used in communications. The ‘f’ range of radio waves lies above audible region and below the visible light region. The ‘f’ of radio waves starts from a few kilohertz to several terahertz.
The various uses of radio waves are;
1. Communications;
2. Microwave;
3. Television & Radio Broadcasting.
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Radio Waves Frequency Range
As described below the radio waves have larger wavelength then the visible light and as we know that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the ‘f’ so the radio waves have lower ‘f’ then the visible light.
The radio waves are divided into several bands based on the wavelength and frequencies;
1. Very Low ‘f’ (VLF)
‘f’ range : 3 - 30 KHz
Wavelength: 100,000 - 10,000 meters
2. Low ‘f’ (LF)
‘f’ Range: 30 - 300 KHz
Wavelength: 10,000 - 1,000 meters
3. Medium ‘f’ (MF)
‘f’ range: 300 KHz - 3 MHz
Wavelength: 1,000 - 100 meters
4. High ‘f’ (HF)
‘f’ range: 3 - 30 MHz
wavelength: 100 - 10 meters
5. Very High ‘f’ (VHF)
‘f’ range: 30 - 300 MHz
Wavelength: 10 - 1 meter
6. Ultra High ‘f’ (UHF)
‘f’ range: 300 MHz - 3 GHz
Wavelength: 1 meter - 10 cm
Above the UHF is the IR and visible region.
Waves have some characteristics features. All waves are made up of crests and troughs. Crests represent the high points while the troughs are the low points of a wave.
Wavelength of a wave is defined as distance between two consecutive crests or between two consecutive troughs.
The frequency or ‘f’ of a wave measures total number of wavelengths that are passing through a particular point in unit time.
Freq. is measured in Hertz. Some other common units for freq. are kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz etc.
The radio waves have wavelengths longer than the infrared in the wavelength spectrum. The radio waves have freq. between 3 KHz to 300 GHz.
I like to share this frequency to wavelength equation with you all through my article.
Wave Frequency Formula
Any wave has three important characteristics:
1. Velocity (v);
2. Frequency (f); and
3. Wavelength (λ).
These characteristics are related to each other by a formula which is known as wave ‘f’ formula and is given by;
v = f * λ;
here; v = velocity of wave, f = ‘f’ of wave and λ = wavelength of wave.
What is the Frequency of Radio Waves
Radio waves are used in communications. The ‘f’ range of radio waves lies above audible region and below the visible light region. The ‘f’ of radio waves starts from a few kilohertz to several terahertz.
The various uses of radio waves are;
1. Communications;
2. Microwave;
3. Television & Radio Broadcasting.
Having problem with Ammeter Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Radio Waves Frequency Range
As described below the radio waves have larger wavelength then the visible light and as we know that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the ‘f’ so the radio waves have lower ‘f’ then the visible light.
The radio waves are divided into several bands based on the wavelength and frequencies;
1. Very Low ‘f’ (VLF)
‘f’ range : 3 - 30 KHz
Wavelength: 100,000 - 10,000 meters
2. Low ‘f’ (LF)
‘f’ Range: 30 - 300 KHz
Wavelength: 10,000 - 1,000 meters
3. Medium ‘f’ (MF)
‘f’ range: 300 KHz - 3 MHz
Wavelength: 1,000 - 100 meters
4. High ‘f’ (HF)
‘f’ range: 3 - 30 MHz
wavelength: 100 - 10 meters
5. Very High ‘f’ (VHF)
‘f’ range: 30 - 300 MHz
Wavelength: 10 - 1 meter
6. Ultra High ‘f’ (UHF)
‘f’ range: 300 MHz - 3 GHz
Wavelength: 1 meter - 10 cm
Above the UHF is the IR and visible region.
Electrical Theory
Capacitance
A capacitor has two metallic plates or any other electrical conductors. These two conductors are arranged parallel to each other and are separated by space between them. Here the space serves as non-conducting medium.
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These two plates are joined with a battery. The whole arrangement is known as capacitor. Capacitance (C ) measures ability of a capacitor to store charge. Here charge build up is seen on both metallic plates. This charge builds up produce voltage between the two plates. The voltage, thus produced, makes the battery to serve as charge carrier between the two metallic plates. The process continues until the battery voltage becomes equal to the voltage.
It can be expressed as following equation:
C=Q/V
Here C= capacitance
Q=charge magnitude on each plate
V=voltage on plates
The SI unit of C is Farad. As we know that SI unit of Q is Coulomb and that of V is volt. Hence
Farad= Coulomb/volt
Electrical Circuit
Electrical circuit (EC) can be understood by a simple assumption. Let’s think about two oppositely charged metal plates that are lying parallel to each other. Since the plates are oppositely charged and electrical conductive, an electric field will be generated between them. Due to this field, there will be movement of charge from positively charged plate to the negative one. Now consider that these two plates are connected by a metal wire.
This metal wire will serve as charge carrier from positive plate to the negative one. To establish a continuous loop of charge flow, a battery back is used. The batter pack serves to establish a continuous close loop of charge flow; it allows the charge to flow from positive plate toward the negative one and then back to the positive one. Hence an EC is the close continuous loop of charge flow.
Electric Circuits
To establish an EC, a continuous charge flow from and back to the source is required. For the purpose EC has some common components namely electricity source, conductor, control device and load device.
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Circuit Analysis
Circuit analysis relies on two laws namely Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law. According to the Kirchhoff’s current law, sum of all the currents entering and leaving a node is equals to each other, both values are zero. According to the Kirchhoff’s voltage law, sum of voltage drop around a loop is zero and sum of voltage rise around a loop is also zero.
Equivalent Resistance
It determines if two resistors are in parallel position or are present in a series.
A capacitor has two metallic plates or any other electrical conductors. These two conductors are arranged parallel to each other and are separated by space between them. Here the space serves as non-conducting medium.
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These two plates are joined with a battery. The whole arrangement is known as capacitor. Capacitance (C ) measures ability of a capacitor to store charge. Here charge build up is seen on both metallic plates. This charge builds up produce voltage between the two plates. The voltage, thus produced, makes the battery to serve as charge carrier between the two metallic plates. The process continues until the battery voltage becomes equal to the voltage.
It can be expressed as following equation:
C=Q/V
Here C= capacitance
Q=charge magnitude on each plate
V=voltage on plates
The SI unit of C is Farad. As we know that SI unit of Q is Coulomb and that of V is volt. Hence
Farad= Coulomb/volt
Electrical Circuit
Electrical circuit (EC) can be understood by a simple assumption. Let’s think about two oppositely charged metal plates that are lying parallel to each other. Since the plates are oppositely charged and electrical conductive, an electric field will be generated between them. Due to this field, there will be movement of charge from positively charged plate to the negative one. Now consider that these two plates are connected by a metal wire.
This metal wire will serve as charge carrier from positive plate to the negative one. To establish a continuous loop of charge flow, a battery back is used. The batter pack serves to establish a continuous close loop of charge flow; it allows the charge to flow from positive plate toward the negative one and then back to the positive one. Hence an EC is the close continuous loop of charge flow.
Electric Circuits
To establish an EC, a continuous charge flow from and back to the source is required. For the purpose EC has some common components namely electricity source, conductor, control device and load device.
Having problem with Potential Energy Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Circuit Analysis
Circuit analysis relies on two laws namely Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law. According to the Kirchhoff’s current law, sum of all the currents entering and leaving a node is equals to each other, both values are zero. According to the Kirchhoff’s voltage law, sum of voltage drop around a loop is zero and sum of voltage rise around a loop is also zero.
Equivalent Resistance
It determines if two resistors are in parallel position or are present in a series.
Wednesday, April 10, 2013
How to Save Electrical Energy
When we use electric energy it seems that it is not causing any pollution or emit any smell unlike when we burn fuel in automobiles. But to produce electric power large amount of fossil fuels such as coal and diesel is used in power plants, which emit large amount of carbon dioxide. So wasting electric energy leads to pollution indirectly and by saving electric energy, we can save money and avoid pollution
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Some of the ways to save electric energy
Turn off your television, video, hifi, playstation, and other entertainment devices when they are not being used.
Do not leave your television etc in standby mode. Devices can use up to 90% as much power in standby mode as when they are on, so it is a serious waste of energy when a device is left constantly on standby. If you keep forgetting, consider purchasing a power saver - a device which automatically cuts power to appliances when they go into standby mode.
Replace all of your inefficient incandescent light bulbs with energy efficient Clf bulbs. Replace halogeh bulbs with much more efficient and longer lasting LED spot lights
Hang your clothes out to dry rather than using an electric tumble dryer. Cook many items at the same time when your electric oven is hot.
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Use a microwave to reheat food or to cook small portions. Although a microwave uses a lot of power, it does so over a very short time and so saves energy overall.
Turn down your heating system thermostat. For every degree you lower your heat between 60° and 70° F you can reduce your heating bill by up to 5%. Wear an extra layer of clothing in the house so that you stay warm. Turn down individual radiators - for example, 16°-18° is warm enough for bedrooms whereas 20°-22°C is more comfortable in bathrooms. Rooms that are rarely used can have their heating turned all the way down or off.
Purchase energy efficient white goods (washing machines, tumble driers, fridges etc). Although they usually cost a little more initially, the cost savings in electricity will cover that many times over. As an added benefit, efficient items are usually better made and last longer than inefficient models.
Cool cooked food before you put it into the fridge.
Is this topic Atomic Mass of Chlorine hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Some of the ways to save electric energy
Turn off your television, video, hifi, playstation, and other entertainment devices when they are not being used.
Do not leave your television etc in standby mode. Devices can use up to 90% as much power in standby mode as when they are on, so it is a serious waste of energy when a device is left constantly on standby. If you keep forgetting, consider purchasing a power saver - a device which automatically cuts power to appliances when they go into standby mode.
Replace all of your inefficient incandescent light bulbs with energy efficient Clf bulbs. Replace halogeh bulbs with much more efficient and longer lasting LED spot lights
Hang your clothes out to dry rather than using an electric tumble dryer. Cook many items at the same time when your electric oven is hot.
Having problem with Formula for Projectile Motion keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Use a microwave to reheat food or to cook small portions. Although a microwave uses a lot of power, it does so over a very short time and so saves energy overall.
Turn down your heating system thermostat. For every degree you lower your heat between 60° and 70° F you can reduce your heating bill by up to 5%. Wear an extra layer of clothing in the house so that you stay warm. Turn down individual radiators - for example, 16°-18° is warm enough for bedrooms whereas 20°-22°C is more comfortable in bathrooms. Rooms that are rarely used can have their heating turned all the way down or off.
Purchase energy efficient white goods (washing machines, tumble driers, fridges etc). Although they usually cost a little more initially, the cost savings in electricity will cover that many times over. As an added benefit, efficient items are usually better made and last longer than inefficient models.
Cool cooked food before you put it into the fridge.
Introduction to Solid State Physics
Introduction to solid-state physics
Now these days all the electronic devices, which we use, are based on the controlled flow vacuum tubes such as diode valves, triode valves, tetrode valves and pentode valves. In these vacuum tubes, the electrons are provided by heating the cathode using low-tension battery and controlled flow of electrons is achieved by varying the voltage between its different electrodes. A vacuum is created between interelctrodes so that the moving electrons may not lose their energies during the collisions with air molecules in their way. In these vacuum tubes, the electrons can flow only in one direction, hence they are called valves. The vacuum tube devices are bulky, operating at high voltages consume more power and having limited life and low reliability.
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Solid-state physics
In 1930, it was released that some solid-state semi conductor and their junctions can be helpful of controlling the number and direction of flow of charge carriers through them. The discovery of semiconductor junction, i.e., junction diodes and transistors, replaced the vacuum tubes. The semiconductor junctions are very small, operates at low voltage, consume small power, having long life and high reliability. The semiconductor junction led to the discovery of integrated circuits (IC) which have revolutionized the electronic industry as they have been used in the working of television and computer which are very commonly used in our daily life. The one more advantage of semiconductor junctions that they are very cheap as compared to the valves. Solid-state physics is based on the semiconductors. The pure semiconductor is free from every impurity. Such type of the semiconductor is called intrinsic semiconductor. Germanium and silicon are the examples of pure semiconductors. The electrical conduction in semiconductors is caused by the motion of the electrons in the conduction band and by the motion of holes in the valence band.
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Introduction to Solid State Physics : Conclusion
In a pure semiconductor, at a room temperature, the conductivity is very low, because the number of intrinsic charge carriers is very small. To increase the conductivity of the semiconductors we can make a process doping in the intrinsic semiconductors.
Now these days all the electronic devices, which we use, are based on the controlled flow vacuum tubes such as diode valves, triode valves, tetrode valves and pentode valves. In these vacuum tubes, the electrons are provided by heating the cathode using low-tension battery and controlled flow of electrons is achieved by varying the voltage between its different electrodes. A vacuum is created between interelctrodes so that the moving electrons may not lose their energies during the collisions with air molecules in their way. In these vacuum tubes, the electrons can flow only in one direction, hence they are called valves. The vacuum tube devices are bulky, operating at high voltages consume more power and having limited life and low reliability.
Having problem with What is Beta Decay keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Solid-state physics
In 1930, it was released that some solid-state semi conductor and their junctions can be helpful of controlling the number and direction of flow of charge carriers through them. The discovery of semiconductor junction, i.e., junction diodes and transistors, replaced the vacuum tubes. The semiconductor junctions are very small, operates at low voltage, consume small power, having long life and high reliability. The semiconductor junction led to the discovery of integrated circuits (IC) which have revolutionized the electronic industry as they have been used in the working of television and computer which are very commonly used in our daily life. The one more advantage of semiconductor junctions that they are very cheap as compared to the valves. Solid-state physics is based on the semiconductors. The pure semiconductor is free from every impurity. Such type of the semiconductor is called intrinsic semiconductor. Germanium and silicon are the examples of pure semiconductors. The electrical conduction in semiconductors is caused by the motion of the electrons in the conduction band and by the motion of holes in the valence band.
Please express your views of this topic Free Fall Formulas by commenting on blog.
Introduction to Solid State Physics : Conclusion
In a pure semiconductor, at a room temperature, the conductivity is very low, because the number of intrinsic charge carriers is very small. To increase the conductivity of the semiconductors we can make a process doping in the intrinsic semiconductors.
Magnetic Pole Strength
Introduction to magnetic pole strength:
Magnetic pole strength is the strength of the magnetic poles. These poles are either positive or negative. When another magnetic pole is brought near a magnetic pole, the pole exerts certain force, either attractive or repulsive force on the other magnetic pole. The strength of this attractive or repulsive force is the magnetic pole strength. In case of a huge magnet or an isolated magnetic pole, the magnetic pole strength is defined as a ratio of the force exerted on the magnetic pole and the magnetic field strength.
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About magnetic pole strength
Although an isolated magnetic pole does not exist, for theoretical purposes and for derivation of magnetic pole strength, a magnetic monopole is considered.
Strength of a hypothetical bar magnet pole can be explained by considering the magnet as an electromagnet with an infinitely long wire carrying current I.
The pole strength = W/I, here w is the work done by turning the wire around in a closed loop. If the pole strength is greater than 0 it is considered north magnetic pole and if it is less than zero it is a south magnetic pole. The unit for magnetic pole strength is Vs. Magnetic pole strength is equivalent to the magnetic flux found around the magnetic pole.
Another alternate definition for magnetic pole strength is the ratio if magnetic moment of the magnet and the distance of its poles.
In case of a bar magnet, the magnet is considered to have two isolated poles attached to the magnet on either end. Here magnetic coulombs law comes into picture. The force between these two poles is a product of the pole strengths and is inversely proportional to the distance squared between them.
The force = k (m1m2)/d2
Here k is a magnetic constant with a value 4 p · 10-7 Vs/Am
m1 and m2 are the magnetic pole strengths and d is the distance between the poles.
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Conclusion for magnetic pole strength
Magnetic pole strength is defined theoretically by assuming a monopole although monopole does not exist. The pole strength is the magnetic flux found around the magnetic pole.
Magnetic pole strength is the strength of the magnetic poles. These poles are either positive or negative. When another magnetic pole is brought near a magnetic pole, the pole exerts certain force, either attractive or repulsive force on the other magnetic pole. The strength of this attractive or repulsive force is the magnetic pole strength. In case of a huge magnet or an isolated magnetic pole, the magnetic pole strength is defined as a ratio of the force exerted on the magnetic pole and the magnetic field strength.
I like to share this Atomic Mass of Chlorine with you all through my article.
About magnetic pole strength
Although an isolated magnetic pole does not exist, for theoretical purposes and for derivation of magnetic pole strength, a magnetic monopole is considered.
Strength of a hypothetical bar magnet pole can be explained by considering the magnet as an electromagnet with an infinitely long wire carrying current I.
The pole strength = W/I, here w is the work done by turning the wire around in a closed loop. If the pole strength is greater than 0 it is considered north magnetic pole and if it is less than zero it is a south magnetic pole. The unit for magnetic pole strength is Vs. Magnetic pole strength is equivalent to the magnetic flux found around the magnetic pole.
Another alternate definition for magnetic pole strength is the ratio if magnetic moment of the magnet and the distance of its poles.
In case of a bar magnet, the magnet is considered to have two isolated poles attached to the magnet on either end. Here magnetic coulombs law comes into picture. The force between these two poles is a product of the pole strengths and is inversely proportional to the distance squared between them.
The force = k (m1m2)/d2
Here k is a magnetic constant with a value 4 p · 10-7 Vs/Am
m1 and m2 are the magnetic pole strengths and d is the distance between the poles.
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Conclusion for magnetic pole strength
Magnetic pole strength is defined theoretically by assuming a monopole although monopole does not exist. The pole strength is the magnetic flux found around the magnetic pole.
Magnifying Lens with Light
Introduction to magnifying lens with light:
The apparent size of an object is determined by the size of its image on the retina of the eye. If the eye is unaided this size depends on the angle ? subtended by the object at the eye which is called its angular size. To look closely at a small object such as an insect or a crystal, we bring it close to our eye and making the subtended angle and the retinal image as large as possible. But our eye cannot focus sharply on the objects that are closer than the near point, so the angular size of an object is greatest when it is placed at the nearest point. Thus the lens used in this way is named as the magnifying lens or simply the magnifier.
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Image formed by magnifying lens and its nature
A converging lens can be used to form a virtual image that is larger and farther from the eye than the object itself. The object can be moved closer to the eye and the angular size of the image may be substantially larger than the angular size of the object at nearest point without the lens. The virtual image is most comfortable to view when the image is placed at infinity so that the ciliary muscle of the eye is relaxed thus this means that the object should be placed at the focal point of the magnifying lens.
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Conclusion for magnifying Lens and amount of Light associated
The magnifying lenses changes with the amount of light. If we use an ordinary magnifying lens then we will be able to see only the object present in the light and more specifically in the visible light. The magnifying lens can be used for burning some special materials using the solar light. But if one wants to see the dark object present in the universe then they must use a different magnifying lens. The astronomers use a different magnifying lens named as the galactic magnifying lens which is used to probe or investigate the elusive dark energy.
The apparent size of an object is determined by the size of its image on the retina of the eye. If the eye is unaided this size depends on the angle ? subtended by the object at the eye which is called its angular size. To look closely at a small object such as an insect or a crystal, we bring it close to our eye and making the subtended angle and the retinal image as large as possible. But our eye cannot focus sharply on the objects that are closer than the near point, so the angular size of an object is greatest when it is placed at the nearest point. Thus the lens used in this way is named as the magnifying lens or simply the magnifier.
Please express your views of this topic Second Law of Thermodynamics Evolution by commenting on blog.
Image formed by magnifying lens and its nature
A converging lens can be used to form a virtual image that is larger and farther from the eye than the object itself. The object can be moved closer to the eye and the angular size of the image may be substantially larger than the angular size of the object at nearest point without the lens. The virtual image is most comfortable to view when the image is placed at infinity so that the ciliary muscle of the eye is relaxed thus this means that the object should be placed at the focal point of the magnifying lens.
Is this topic Free Fall Physics Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for magnifying Lens and amount of Light associated
The magnifying lenses changes with the amount of light. If we use an ordinary magnifying lens then we will be able to see only the object present in the light and more specifically in the visible light. The magnifying lens can be used for burning some special materials using the solar light. But if one wants to see the dark object present in the universe then they must use a different magnifying lens. The astronomers use a different magnifying lens named as the galactic magnifying lens which is used to probe or investigate the elusive dark energy.
Thursday, April 4, 2013
Linear Algebra Physics
Introduction to Linear Algebra in Physics:
In physics linear algebra is widely used in many activities and other important relations of physics such as the vectors and the mappings etc. but the main role of linear algebra in physics is the vector calculus. As we know that the beauty of physics lies in its numerical questions and linear algebra thus plays an important role in physics. Please express your views of this topic the mass of a neutron is by commenting on blog.
Importance of Linear Algebra in Physics
In many areas of physics the mathematical idea of vectors play important role. Some of them are:
When we take a particle which is traveling through the space, we must represent its velocity and its direction in which it is traveling by a vector which is in three dimensions and can be represented in space. When we talk about its path then we say that its path is a varying line and the variation is along with the time.
The vector calculus which is nothing but the linear algebra of physics has a great role in calculating the structure of the bridge at several points of its constructions because these vectors provide us the direction and magnitude of the force that is acting at several isolated points.
In electromagnetism theory the Maxwell’s equations are the main equation and they also deals with the vector fields which are changing with time according to the requirement thus it is also a linear algebra of physics
The theory of relativity is another example of the linear algebra in physics because it uses the transformations of distance and time from one frame to other by means of a linear mapping of the vector spaces.
The important branch of physics is quantum mechanics which also uses the vector spaces and their mapping in its various results thus it is also a linear algebra of physics.
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Conclusion for Linear Algebra in Physics
Linear algebra in physics has various roles in vector analysis, matrices, solving expressions etc. Physic is a branch of science that deals with measurements and linear algebra is a boon to it as it helps in simplifying many equations easily.
In physics linear algebra is widely used in many activities and other important relations of physics such as the vectors and the mappings etc. but the main role of linear algebra in physics is the vector calculus. As we know that the beauty of physics lies in its numerical questions and linear algebra thus plays an important role in physics. Please express your views of this topic the mass of a neutron is by commenting on blog.
Importance of Linear Algebra in Physics
In many areas of physics the mathematical idea of vectors play important role. Some of them are:
When we take a particle which is traveling through the space, we must represent its velocity and its direction in which it is traveling by a vector which is in three dimensions and can be represented in space. When we talk about its path then we say that its path is a varying line and the variation is along with the time.
The vector calculus which is nothing but the linear algebra of physics has a great role in calculating the structure of the bridge at several points of its constructions because these vectors provide us the direction and magnitude of the force that is acting at several isolated points.
In electromagnetism theory the Maxwell’s equations are the main equation and they also deals with the vector fields which are changing with time according to the requirement thus it is also a linear algebra of physics
The theory of relativity is another example of the linear algebra in physics because it uses the transformations of distance and time from one frame to other by means of a linear mapping of the vector spaces.
The important branch of physics is quantum mechanics which also uses the vector spaces and their mapping in its various results thus it is also a linear algebra of physics.
Is this topic Work Formula Physics hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for Linear Algebra in Physics
Linear algebra in physics has various roles in vector analysis, matrices, solving expressions etc. Physic is a branch of science that deals with measurements and linear algebra is a boon to it as it helps in simplifying many equations easily.
High Altitude Wind Power
At any moment, the winds in high-altitude wind roughly holds 100 times more energy than the entire electricity consumed in the world. High altitude wind power: High altitude wind power is one of the useful energy that is captured in the sky by using tether and cable technology. The atlas of High altitude wind power marked is prepared for various regions of the earth. The spinning rotors of the kite turbines will convert the kinetic energy of the wind in to electricity and return it back down, through the wire 30,000 feet to a distribution grid on the ground.
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High altitude wind power
Different methods are used to capture the kinetic energy of wind in the sky by using kites, apostates, gliders which are fitted with turbines, Sailplanes with turbines etc. At higher altitudes Winds are stable, continuous, and have higher velocity. Before installing wind turbines, wind source evaluation is done. The energy available in the wind is proportional to the cube of its speed, which means that doubling the wind speed increases the available energy by a factor of eight and tripling the velocity gives 3*3*3=27 times the available power.
Advantages of high altitude wind power
At higher altitudes wind is continuous and strong
Flying electric generators can achieve up to 80 percent of availability by placing them at suitable location
High altitude wind generators can be adjusted in height and position to maximize energy return, which is not possible in case of fixed tower-mounted wind generators.
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Some of the challenges to harness high altitude wind power are
Increase in the altitude leads to increase in the length of the tether, temperature of the air increases and the susceptible to atmospheric lightning.
High altitude wind power, increases the cost and exposure to turbulence
Very accurate systems are needed to maintain the position of the turbines in the sky
Difficult to inspect the systems
Chances of collision with flying jets and planes and birds
I like to share this Definition of Electric Current with you all through my article.
High altitude wind power
Different methods are used to capture the kinetic energy of wind in the sky by using kites, apostates, gliders which are fitted with turbines, Sailplanes with turbines etc. At higher altitudes Winds are stable, continuous, and have higher velocity. Before installing wind turbines, wind source evaluation is done. The energy available in the wind is proportional to the cube of its speed, which means that doubling the wind speed increases the available energy by a factor of eight and tripling the velocity gives 3*3*3=27 times the available power.
Advantages of high altitude wind power
At higher altitudes wind is continuous and strong
Flying electric generators can achieve up to 80 percent of availability by placing them at suitable location
High altitude wind generators can be adjusted in height and position to maximize energy return, which is not possible in case of fixed tower-mounted wind generators.
Is this topic Physics Work Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Some of the challenges to harness high altitude wind power are
Increase in the altitude leads to increase in the length of the tether, temperature of the air increases and the susceptible to atmospheric lightning.
High altitude wind power, increases the cost and exposure to turbulence
Very accurate systems are needed to maintain the position of the turbines in the sky
Difficult to inspect the systems
Chances of collision with flying jets and planes and birds
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