Introduction to metals good conductors:
All the conductors shares a common property that they are able to carry the electric current to the voltage difference that is applied. The flow of electronic charge is called as electric current. Inside a material it is the electric field that forces all the free charges to move. So, there will be no electric field inside a conductor. If electric field exists inside a conductor then all the charges in the conductor doesn’t move.In most of the cases the majority of the electrons inside these materials are fixed at one place which are tightly held by an atom it its orbit. In all the conductors some of the electrons move and find their own way.
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About good conductors of metals
Metals basically are a kind of elements. These elements are quite different because they lose electrons from the atom readily in order to form positive ions or cations which are highly stable. All the cations form metallic bonds between atoms of other metal.
All the existing metals conducts the electricity. Metals are used as good conductors of electricity and heat because the metals will have space in their valence energy band that is unfilled. The conduction electrons travel in different directions with a very high velocities when there is no electric field. The same thing also happens even at the cold temperatures such as absolute zero. When an electric field is applied then there will be some imbalance that is developed and the free electrons flows from the outer band. Due to defects present in the lattice, the scattering of electrons occurs and the resistance for conduction comes in metals.
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Examples of metals good conductors:
Metals can be taken as a good example of the conductors of electricity. The good conductors of electricity are silver, copper and aluminum. Some other good conductors of electricity are iron, gold, mercury, steel, nickel, magnesium and sea water. Metals are not only good conductors of electricity but also a very good conductors of heat.
Friday, May 31, 2013
What is Sound Insulation
Introduction to sound insulation:
Sound waves travel fast over flat, hard, straight and less dense surfaces. A hard and straight surface reflects back most of the sound waves when they strike it. If any sound is to be stopped from leaving or entering a particular area, – a building or a room, it has to be insulated, made sound proof. Sound insulation involves different principles, structures and types of insulation to sound proof an enclosed area, to prevent sound from filtering in or out of the space. Sound waves are not all absorbed; they are either reflected back, refract or form an echo.
I like to share this Equation for Specific Heat with you all through my article.
Factors affecting sound insulation
Space- An increase in space causes a decrease in sound.
Mass - A thick, heavy and dense insulating material will reduce more noise.
Dampening – Transfer of sound through layers of different materials and densities can retard the sound vibrations, dampening the noise.
Sound insulation process
To insulate or sound-proof a room, an absorbent surface has to be provided which reduces reflection of sound waves. Sound insulation works on reflected sound and not on direct sound.
The absorption coefficient of a sound proofing substance is the ratio of the incident sound waves to the amount of waves absorbed by a particular surface. It can be between the range of 0-1. A substance with 0.8 coefficients will absorb 80% of the sound waves. Sound insulating material is usually porous and of different compositions and densities. The air channels of the porous material should be open so that the sound waves can travel into them and be absorbed. Lead, foam or fiber glass is generally used as insulating material in acoustics. They vary in thickness, density and composition. Prefabricated panels of insulation are also available which can be used on the ceilings and walls.
Understanding Density Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Conclusion to sound insulation
Sound insulation has to be done to the floor, walls, and the ceiling of a room or building to make it effective.The effectiveness of an insulating material as a good sound barrier mainly depends on its level of density.
Sound waves travel fast over flat, hard, straight and less dense surfaces. A hard and straight surface reflects back most of the sound waves when they strike it. If any sound is to be stopped from leaving or entering a particular area, – a building or a room, it has to be insulated, made sound proof. Sound insulation involves different principles, structures and types of insulation to sound proof an enclosed area, to prevent sound from filtering in or out of the space. Sound waves are not all absorbed; they are either reflected back, refract or form an echo.
I like to share this Equation for Specific Heat with you all through my article.
Factors affecting sound insulation
Space- An increase in space causes a decrease in sound.
Mass - A thick, heavy and dense insulating material will reduce more noise.
Dampening – Transfer of sound through layers of different materials and densities can retard the sound vibrations, dampening the noise.
Sound insulation process
To insulate or sound-proof a room, an absorbent surface has to be provided which reduces reflection of sound waves. Sound insulation works on reflected sound and not on direct sound.
The absorption coefficient of a sound proofing substance is the ratio of the incident sound waves to the amount of waves absorbed by a particular surface. It can be between the range of 0-1. A substance with 0.8 coefficients will absorb 80% of the sound waves. Sound insulating material is usually porous and of different compositions and densities. The air channels of the porous material should be open so that the sound waves can travel into them and be absorbed. Lead, foam or fiber glass is generally used as insulating material in acoustics. They vary in thickness, density and composition. Prefabricated panels of insulation are also available which can be used on the ceilings and walls.
Understanding Density Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Conclusion to sound insulation
Sound insulation has to be done to the floor, walls, and the ceiling of a room or building to make it effective.The effectiveness of an insulating material as a good sound barrier mainly depends on its level of density.
The Sun Solar System
Introduction to the sun solar system:
The sun solar system is the set of sun, planets, satellites and other spatial bodies that revolve around the sun. The sun solar system consists of sun, planets, their satellites, dwarf planets, Kuiper belt objects, comets, meteorites, Oort cloud and interplanetary dust.Having problem with Heat Transfer Systems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
About the sun solar system
The sun solar system
The regions in the sun solar system can be classified as
Sun, the dwarf planet Pluto, terrestrial planets like Venus, earth, mercury and mars, the small rocky bodies that make up the asteroid belt. Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Saturn that are called as giant outer planets, the icy objects that make up theKuiper belt and all thematter beyond the Kuiper belt called the Oort cloud.
All the components of sun solar system are bound by the gravitational force of attraction from the sun. The sun is the single biggest star or spatial body that contains more than ninety percent of al lthe matter in the sun solar system.
The solar system is believed to have come into existence as a result of the collapsing of the molecular cloud. The big bang theory gives some insights into the formation of the star systems.
The asteroid belt called the Kuiper belt is found between mars and Jupiter. These consist of rocks and metal. And the icy objects lie beyond Neptune. They are called TransNeptunian objects and contain ices, ammonia and methane. Five new dwarf planets have been identified taht are named ceres, Pluto, haumea, Eris and makemake. They have gravity and are round in shape like most other planets.
In addition to all these there are thousands of other particles that are called small bodies like comets, interplanetary dust and centaurs.
Six of the planets have their own moon, called satellites. These satellites orbit the planets. There are three dwarf planets with their own moons orbiting them.
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Conclusion for the sun solar system:
The sun solar system is a system if planets, satellites and other special bodies that revolved around the sun. They are bound by sun’s gravity. All these planets use suns energy. Earth is considered to be the only planet in the solar system that consists of life.
The sun solar system is the set of sun, planets, satellites and other spatial bodies that revolve around the sun. The sun solar system consists of sun, planets, their satellites, dwarf planets, Kuiper belt objects, comets, meteorites, Oort cloud and interplanetary dust.Having problem with Heat Transfer Systems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
About the sun solar system
The sun solar system
The regions in the sun solar system can be classified as
Sun, the dwarf planet Pluto, terrestrial planets like Venus, earth, mercury and mars, the small rocky bodies that make up the asteroid belt. Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Saturn that are called as giant outer planets, the icy objects that make up theKuiper belt and all thematter beyond the Kuiper belt called the Oort cloud.
All the components of sun solar system are bound by the gravitational force of attraction from the sun. The sun is the single biggest star or spatial body that contains more than ninety percent of al lthe matter in the sun solar system.
The solar system is believed to have come into existence as a result of the collapsing of the molecular cloud. The big bang theory gives some insights into the formation of the star systems.
The asteroid belt called the Kuiper belt is found between mars and Jupiter. These consist of rocks and metal. And the icy objects lie beyond Neptune. They are called TransNeptunian objects and contain ices, ammonia and methane. Five new dwarf planets have been identified taht are named ceres, Pluto, haumea, Eris and makemake. They have gravity and are round in shape like most other planets.
In addition to all these there are thousands of other particles that are called small bodies like comets, interplanetary dust and centaurs.
Six of the planets have their own moon, called satellites. These satellites orbit the planets. There are three dwarf planets with their own moons orbiting them.
Is this topic Formula for Force hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for the sun solar system:
The sun solar system is a system if planets, satellites and other special bodies that revolved around the sun. They are bound by sun’s gravity. All these planets use suns energy. Earth is considered to be the only planet in the solar system that consists of life.
Best Form of Energy
Introduction to best form of energy:
There are various form of energies available to us. Some of it are natural and other are man-made. However, the best form of energy available to us is “SOLAR ENERGY”.
The sun is the source of all energy. The sun provides us heat and light energy free of cost. The energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy. The nuclear fusion reactions taking place inside the sun keep on liberating enormous amounts of heat and light energy. This heat and light energy is radiated by the sun in all directions in the form of solar energy. The sun has been radiating an enormous amount of energy at the present rate for nearly 5 billions years and will continue radiating energy at that rate for nearly 5 billion years more. Since, the sin is very far away only a small fraction of the solar energy radiated by the sun reaches the outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere. A little less than half of the atmosphere actually reaches the surface of earth. The rest of solar energy is reflected back into space by the atmosphere and also absorbed by the atmosphere as it comes down through it towards the surface of the earth.
Please express your views of this topic conservation energy by commenting on blog.
Best form of energy : Advantages of solar energy
The best form of energy,solar energy which reaches the earth is absorbed by land and water-bodies as well as by plants. The solar energy trapped by land and water-bodies causes many phenomena in nature like winds, storms, rain, snowfall and sea-waves. The plants utilize solar energy to prepare food by the process of photosynthesis. The various sources of energy derive their energy from the sun, the best source of energy.
1. Non-renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels also derive their energy from sun. It is solar energy, which is converted into petroleum and oil.
2. Solar energy does not cause any pollution as compared to non-renewable sources of energy.
3. The solar energy is best form of energy because it is available in a diffused form so it is available to almost everyone on the earth.
Is this topic Force Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Best form of energy :
Finally ,the best source of energy, that is , solar energy is clean. It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power and it will never run out. It’s silent. Solar power can be captured anywhere without creating noise pollution that might otherwise up set neighbours and wildlife. It works wherever the sun shines. It doesn’t matter how remote, solar can generate energy where no other form of power can be obtained. Thus, no danger of damaging our already damaged environment further and you can be part of the Green initiative, lower your carbon footprint, and save our planet from harmful greenhouse gases.
Our planets energy resources are being depleted at the fastest rates in the history of the planet. Today we use energy faster than we can make it, and eventually we are going to run out. But if we decide to use the energy from the sun, which is given to us every day, we will never run out of energy, as long as the sun is there. Now it won't be there forever, but we all know that it is not going anywhere in our lifetime, and will be there for several future generations of the human race to enjoy and harness it's free energy.
There are various form of energies available to us. Some of it are natural and other are man-made. However, the best form of energy available to us is “SOLAR ENERGY”.
The sun is the source of all energy. The sun provides us heat and light energy free of cost. The energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy. The nuclear fusion reactions taking place inside the sun keep on liberating enormous amounts of heat and light energy. This heat and light energy is radiated by the sun in all directions in the form of solar energy. The sun has been radiating an enormous amount of energy at the present rate for nearly 5 billions years and will continue radiating energy at that rate for nearly 5 billion years more. Since, the sin is very far away only a small fraction of the solar energy radiated by the sun reaches the outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere. A little less than half of the atmosphere actually reaches the surface of earth. The rest of solar energy is reflected back into space by the atmosphere and also absorbed by the atmosphere as it comes down through it towards the surface of the earth.
Please express your views of this topic conservation energy by commenting on blog.
Best form of energy : Advantages of solar energy
The best form of energy,solar energy which reaches the earth is absorbed by land and water-bodies as well as by plants. The solar energy trapped by land and water-bodies causes many phenomena in nature like winds, storms, rain, snowfall and sea-waves. The plants utilize solar energy to prepare food by the process of photosynthesis. The various sources of energy derive their energy from the sun, the best source of energy.
1. Non-renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels also derive their energy from sun. It is solar energy, which is converted into petroleum and oil.
2. Solar energy does not cause any pollution as compared to non-renewable sources of energy.
3. The solar energy is best form of energy because it is available in a diffused form so it is available to almost everyone on the earth.
Is this topic Force Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Best form of energy :
Finally ,the best source of energy, that is , solar energy is clean. It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power and it will never run out. It’s silent. Solar power can be captured anywhere without creating noise pollution that might otherwise up set neighbours and wildlife. It works wherever the sun shines. It doesn’t matter how remote, solar can generate energy where no other form of power can be obtained. Thus, no danger of damaging our already damaged environment further and you can be part of the Green initiative, lower your carbon footprint, and save our planet from harmful greenhouse gases.
Our planets energy resources are being depleted at the fastest rates in the history of the planet. Today we use energy faster than we can make it, and eventually we are going to run out. But if we decide to use the energy from the sun, which is given to us every day, we will never run out of energy, as long as the sun is there. Now it won't be there forever, but we all know that it is not going anywhere in our lifetime, and will be there for several future generations of the human race to enjoy and harness it's free energy.
Electrical Power System
Introduction:
Electrical power system comprises of various electrical components that supplies and helps in transmission of electric power. Electrical power system is a network that provides power to homes and industries. This power system is in form of grid that is divided into the generators to supply the power. Transmission system can be defined as the carrier of power from the generating centers to the load centers and further distribution of this power to nearby homes and industries. Industries, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes are generally installed with smaller power systems.
Having problem with Heat Conduction Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Basically these systems work on three-phase AC power except those in aircraft, electric rail systems and automobiles. Electric power is a mathematical product of current and voltage. Current and voltage vary with respect to time or can be kept at constant levels. Transformation in the voltage of AC power is essential of two reasons:
Transformation in the voltage of AC power helps power to be transmitted far distances with less loss at higher voltages.
Installing turbines helps produce higher voltages in an economical way in case of most appliances.
Components of Electrical power systems
Generators, batteries and other power supplies
Power systems can have one or more sources of power, in some cases the source of power for the system are provided externally but for many systems it is internally installed. Certain devices like batteries, fuel cells or photovoltaic cells are a source for Direct current power supply. AC power supply is provided by a rotor which can spin in a magnetic field.
Loads
Power systems are designed with loads that can make use of electrical energy to perform a function, which ranges from household appliances to high scale industrial machinery.
Conductors
Conductors are the simplest component of a power system that carries power from the generators to the load. Conductors can be classified based on the transmission system. Conductors can be placed overhead or underground.Is this topic Average Speed Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Capacitors
Capacitors are the small devices used to provide reactive power that is lost during transmission, therefore capacitors are placed besides inductive loads.
Power electronics devices
Power electronics devices are based on semi-conductor technology to switch between quantities of power from a few hundred watts to several hundred megawatts. The speed of operation is so highl that it would be difficult or impossible with conventional technology. Power electronics is a process of rectification which means the conversion of AC-to-DC power and vice versa. Highly-powered power converts AC power to DC power for the purpose of transmission in a system known as HVDC.
Protective devices
Power systems are incorporated with protective devices with two purposes:
Minimizes the harm to people and animals that may come in contact with the power system
By isolating the faults and protecting the power system and its various elements from damage.
Electrical power system comprises of various electrical components that supplies and helps in transmission of electric power. Electrical power system is a network that provides power to homes and industries. This power system is in form of grid that is divided into the generators to supply the power. Transmission system can be defined as the carrier of power from the generating centers to the load centers and further distribution of this power to nearby homes and industries. Industries, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes are generally installed with smaller power systems.
Having problem with Heat Conduction Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Basically these systems work on three-phase AC power except those in aircraft, electric rail systems and automobiles. Electric power is a mathematical product of current and voltage. Current and voltage vary with respect to time or can be kept at constant levels. Transformation in the voltage of AC power is essential of two reasons:
Transformation in the voltage of AC power helps power to be transmitted far distances with less loss at higher voltages.
Installing turbines helps produce higher voltages in an economical way in case of most appliances.
Components of Electrical power systems
Generators, batteries and other power supplies
Power systems can have one or more sources of power, in some cases the source of power for the system are provided externally but for many systems it is internally installed. Certain devices like batteries, fuel cells or photovoltaic cells are a source for Direct current power supply. AC power supply is provided by a rotor which can spin in a magnetic field.
Loads
Power systems are designed with loads that can make use of electrical energy to perform a function, which ranges from household appliances to high scale industrial machinery.
Conductors
Conductors are the simplest component of a power system that carries power from the generators to the load. Conductors can be classified based on the transmission system. Conductors can be placed overhead or underground.Is this topic Average Speed Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Capacitors
Capacitors are the small devices used to provide reactive power that is lost during transmission, therefore capacitors are placed besides inductive loads.
Power electronics devices
Power electronics devices are based on semi-conductor technology to switch between quantities of power from a few hundred watts to several hundred megawatts. The speed of operation is so highl that it would be difficult or impossible with conventional technology. Power electronics is a process of rectification which means the conversion of AC-to-DC power and vice versa. Highly-powered power converts AC power to DC power for the purpose of transmission in a system known as HVDC.
Protective devices
Power systems are incorporated with protective devices with two purposes:
Minimizes the harm to people and animals that may come in contact with the power system
By isolating the faults and protecting the power system and its various elements from damage.
Sunday, May 26, 2013
6 Types of Motion
Introduction to 6 types of motion:
All of us know that all living things show movement. The movement in case of animals can be easily seen. The movement in case of plants is very slow and is hardly visible. Among non-living things ,the air shows movement when it blows hard.
“When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings, changes with time, the body is said to be in motion”.I like to share this Rectilinear Motion with you all through my article.
6 types of motion
Translatory motion : The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the same time is called the motion of a translation. For example A car or a train moving along a road, a ball rolling on the ground, a girl sliding down a slope, pulling out a drawer of the table, firing a bullet from a gun, a stone hurled form a catapult are some of the example of motion of translation.
Circular motion : The motion in which a body moves about a fixed axis without changing its position is called the Rotatory motion or Circular motion. For example A spinning wheel or charkha, a spinning top, a potter wheel, a ceiling fan, the earth revolving around the earth.
Oscillatory motion : Some objects move as a whole, to and fro or back and forth, along the same path without any change in shape. The motion of such objects is called the oscillatory motion. For example the needle of a sewing machine moving up and down, the piston of a motor car, the pressing cylinder of a juice machine at a fruit seller shop etc all perform oscillatory motion.
Understanding Projectile Motion Problems is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
6 types of motion
Vibratory motion : The motion of an object where the moving object undergoes change in shape or size. For example all the musical instruments produce vibratory motion. Even during breathing, when our chest expands or contracts, the motion is vibratory in nature as all the points on the chest do not move out equally.
Periodic motion : A repetitive motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called the periodic motion. For example The piston of a motor car engine running at a constant speed. The swinging pendulum of a wall clock, Heart of a resting person beating 72 times in a minute etc.
Uniform motion : When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time along a same straight line, the body is said to be describing uniform motion. For example a flying aeroplane in a particular direction at a constant speed, a train moving straight in a particular direction at a constant speed are describing uniform motion.
All of us know that all living things show movement. The movement in case of animals can be easily seen. The movement in case of plants is very slow and is hardly visible. Among non-living things ,the air shows movement when it blows hard.
“When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings, changes with time, the body is said to be in motion”.I like to share this Rectilinear Motion with you all through my article.
6 types of motion
Translatory motion : The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the same time is called the motion of a translation. For example A car or a train moving along a road, a ball rolling on the ground, a girl sliding down a slope, pulling out a drawer of the table, firing a bullet from a gun, a stone hurled form a catapult are some of the example of motion of translation.
Circular motion : The motion in which a body moves about a fixed axis without changing its position is called the Rotatory motion or Circular motion. For example A spinning wheel or charkha, a spinning top, a potter wheel, a ceiling fan, the earth revolving around the earth.
Oscillatory motion : Some objects move as a whole, to and fro or back and forth, along the same path without any change in shape. The motion of such objects is called the oscillatory motion. For example the needle of a sewing machine moving up and down, the piston of a motor car, the pressing cylinder of a juice machine at a fruit seller shop etc all perform oscillatory motion.
Understanding Projectile Motion Problems is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
6 types of motion
Vibratory motion : The motion of an object where the moving object undergoes change in shape or size. For example all the musical instruments produce vibratory motion. Even during breathing, when our chest expands or contracts, the motion is vibratory in nature as all the points on the chest do not move out equally.
Periodic motion : A repetitive motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called the periodic motion. For example The piston of a motor car engine running at a constant speed. The swinging pendulum of a wall clock, Heart of a resting person beating 72 times in a minute etc.
Uniform motion : When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time along a same straight line, the body is said to be describing uniform motion. For example a flying aeroplane in a particular direction at a constant speed, a train moving straight in a particular direction at a constant speed are describing uniform motion.
Satellite Technology
Introduction to satellite technology:
A satellite is a automatic device which is placed in the orbit for special purposes.They are maintained and controlled from dedicated control stations from earth.They are placed in the orbit which is an elliptical or circular imaginary path by specially designed launch vehicles.The satellites are powered by solar energy and have the necessary mechanisms which maintains the alignments and axes accurately. The satellites mainly contains transponders (transmitter-responder),an electronic device which amplifies the received signal and retransmits back to earth station in different frequency.We can classify the satellites as communication satellites,weather satellites,broadcasting satellites,navigation satellites,military satellites etc
I like to share this Sir Isaac Newton Laws of Motion with you all through my article.
Key elements in satellite technology
Satellite Technology is about moving data or information across large distances under some specific resource constraints:
bandwidth
power
mass
size
speed
The system optimization depends on the application, but it always aims towards minimizing the use of resources in the space segment given the difficulty to replace those resources. While mass and size are simple to understand, power, bandwidth and speed can always be traded off in order to achieve the target bit error rate required by a particular application.
Having problem with formula for celsius to fahrenheit keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Orbits launching and frequency of operation
We can classify the satellite orbits as mentioned below:
1.Circular or elliptical orbit
Circular with center at earth’s center
Elliptical with one focus at earth’s center
2.Orbit around earth in different planes
Equatorial orbit above earth’s equator
Polar orbit passes over both poles
Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits
3.Altitude of satellites
Geostationary orbit (GEO) - 36000 km above earth surface
Medium earth orbit (MEO) - 6000 - 20000 km above the earth surface
Low earth orbit (LEO) - 500-1500 km above the earth surface
Launching of satellite:
Satellites are launched using a launch vehicles whose capacity varies as the destination orbit.The initial speed of the launch vehicle must be at least 11 km /s to get out of the earths gravity force.The payload (satellite) is kept at the head end of the vehicle since all the other parts of the vehicle gets detached or burnt on the way.
Frequency of operation:
All satellites operate in microwave frequency ranging from 1 GHz to 40GHz which is further classified L,S,C,X,Ku,K,Ka bands.All satellites use two different frequencies for up link(earth station to satellite) and down link (satellite to earth) in an operating band however these frequencies are not fixed for a particular band.
A satellite is a automatic device which is placed in the orbit for special purposes.They are maintained and controlled from dedicated control stations from earth.They are placed in the orbit which is an elliptical or circular imaginary path by specially designed launch vehicles.The satellites are powered by solar energy and have the necessary mechanisms which maintains the alignments and axes accurately. The satellites mainly contains transponders (transmitter-responder),an electronic device which amplifies the received signal and retransmits back to earth station in different frequency.We can classify the satellites as communication satellites,weather satellites,broadcasting satellites,navigation satellites,military satellites etc
I like to share this Sir Isaac Newton Laws of Motion with you all through my article.
Key elements in satellite technology
Satellite Technology is about moving data or information across large distances under some specific resource constraints:
bandwidth
power
mass
size
speed
The system optimization depends on the application, but it always aims towards minimizing the use of resources in the space segment given the difficulty to replace those resources. While mass and size are simple to understand, power, bandwidth and speed can always be traded off in order to achieve the target bit error rate required by a particular application.
Having problem with formula for celsius to fahrenheit keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Orbits launching and frequency of operation
We can classify the satellite orbits as mentioned below:
1.Circular or elliptical orbit
Circular with center at earth’s center
Elliptical with one focus at earth’s center
2.Orbit around earth in different planes
Equatorial orbit above earth’s equator
Polar orbit passes over both poles
Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits
3.Altitude of satellites
Geostationary orbit (GEO) - 36000 km above earth surface
Medium earth orbit (MEO) - 6000 - 20000 km above the earth surface
Low earth orbit (LEO) - 500-1500 km above the earth surface
Launching of satellite:
Satellites are launched using a launch vehicles whose capacity varies as the destination orbit.The initial speed of the launch vehicle must be at least 11 km /s to get out of the earths gravity force.The payload (satellite) is kept at the head end of the vehicle since all the other parts of the vehicle gets detached or burnt on the way.
Frequency of operation:
All satellites operate in microwave frequency ranging from 1 GHz to 40GHz which is further classified L,S,C,X,Ku,K,Ka bands.All satellites use two different frequencies for up link(earth station to satellite) and down link (satellite to earth) in an operating band however these frequencies are not fixed for a particular band.
Uses Of Nichrome
Introduction
Nichrome is a name for a nickel-chromium heating wire. It is a non-magnetic alloy of nickel and chromium. Nichrome is a common alloy is 80% nickel and 20% chromium by weight.
Nichrome is silvery-gray color and is also corrosion resistant. It has a high melting point of 1400 ° C because of their relatively high resistance and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. Nichrome is also wounded in a coil specifical electrical resistance and produces electricity from heat.
Please try this Inelastic Collision Formula for solving your problems.
Uses of nichrome
Nichrome is used in explosives and fireworks industry as bridge wire into electrical ignition system such as electric matches and igniters model rocket.
Nichrome wire is widely used in ceramics as an internal support structure. It is also used in elements of clay sculptures and holds their shape while they are still soft. Nichrome wire is used to withstand the high temperatures burned. It also occurs when clay work is fired in oven.
The alloy tends to be more expensive because of high nickel content. The distributor pricing is also indexed to commodity market prices for nickel.
Other uses of Nichrome include motorcycle silencers and in certain microbiological laboratory apparatus.
Nichrome is used for heating resistance wire must be stable in air when it is hot. Nichrome wire is also forms of a protective layer of chromium oxide.
Having problem with Equation for Momentum keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Other applications of nichrome
* Nichrome is used in the production of thin layers which are excellently suited for use in hybrid.
* It is widely used in heating elements such as in hair dryer, electric ovens, toasters.
* It is also used in electronic cigarettes.
* Nichrome is used in thin films and also extends to integrated circuits in fields like telecommunication, power supplies, military and medical equipment and instrumentation.
* Because of its very useful properties, it has found its applications in many instruments which require high temperature resistance.
Nichrome is a name for a nickel-chromium heating wire. It is a non-magnetic alloy of nickel and chromium. Nichrome is a common alloy is 80% nickel and 20% chromium by weight.
Nichrome is silvery-gray color and is also corrosion resistant. It has a high melting point of 1400 ° C because of their relatively high resistance and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. Nichrome is also wounded in a coil specifical electrical resistance and produces electricity from heat.
Please try this Inelastic Collision Formula for solving your problems.
Uses of nichrome
Nichrome is used in explosives and fireworks industry as bridge wire into electrical ignition system such as electric matches and igniters model rocket.
Nichrome wire is widely used in ceramics as an internal support structure. It is also used in elements of clay sculptures and holds their shape while they are still soft. Nichrome wire is used to withstand the high temperatures burned. It also occurs when clay work is fired in oven.
The alloy tends to be more expensive because of high nickel content. The distributor pricing is also indexed to commodity market prices for nickel.
Other uses of Nichrome include motorcycle silencers and in certain microbiological laboratory apparatus.
Nichrome is used for heating resistance wire must be stable in air when it is hot. Nichrome wire is also forms of a protective layer of chromium oxide.
Having problem with Equation for Momentum keep reading my articles, i will try to help you.
Other applications of nichrome
* Nichrome is used in the production of thin layers which are excellently suited for use in hybrid.
* It is widely used in heating elements such as in hair dryer, electric ovens, toasters.
* It is also used in electronic cigarettes.
* Nichrome is used in thin films and also extends to integrated circuits in fields like telecommunication, power supplies, military and medical equipment and instrumentation.
* Because of its very useful properties, it has found its applications in many instruments which require high temperature resistance.
Free Energy Devices
Introduction :
A thermodynamic quantity in there the difference between the internal energy of a system and the multiplication of its absolute temperature and entropy.
I would like to give one example lift water from electric pump to up to 100 feet high and also store it then make it fall down like falls.By using this falls create electricity through the concept of mechanical energy has to convert in electricl energy.We can crate energy not that much what we spent alrady to produce electricty.
This is loss of enery.So we have to reseach such type of devices they have to concume less electricity / fuel.
Having problem with Derivative of Acceleration keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity or ability to do work is mesured by the amount of work a bodycan do.So ,energy is measured in the same units as work,namely,joule. Like work.energy is a scalar quantity.
Energy can exit in various forms,such as heat energy,eletrical energy,sound energy ,light energy,chemical energy,nuclear energy,mechanical energy,etc. We will be mainely concerened with mechanical energy .Mechanical energy is of 2 types,kinetic and potential .
Law of Conservation of Energy
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated sysytem of particles remains constant ; the energy may change from one form to another.
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Free energy devices
In thermodynamics we know measure of the relative stability of a physical system chemical system. That exactly it does the system to react or change. If there change in free energy, then delta is negative.The change in free energy at a temperature depends on three factors, as seen from the equation Delta H - Delta TS = delta G
A thermodynamic quantity in there the difference between the internal energy of a system and the multiplication of its absolute temperature and entropy.
I would like to give one example lift water from electric pump to up to 100 feet high and also store it then make it fall down like falls.By using this falls create electricity through the concept of mechanical energy has to convert in electricl energy.We can crate energy not that much what we spent alrady to produce electricty.
This is loss of enery.So we have to reseach such type of devices they have to concume less electricity / fuel.
Having problem with Derivative of Acceleration keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity or ability to do work is mesured by the amount of work a bodycan do.So ,energy is measured in the same units as work,namely,joule. Like work.energy is a scalar quantity.
Energy can exit in various forms,such as heat energy,eletrical energy,sound energy ,light energy,chemical energy,nuclear energy,mechanical energy,etc. We will be mainely concerened with mechanical energy .Mechanical energy is of 2 types,kinetic and potential .
Law of Conservation of Energy
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated sysytem of particles remains constant ; the energy may change from one form to another.
Is this topic pressure equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Free energy devices
In thermodynamics we know measure of the relative stability of a physical system chemical system. That exactly it does the system to react or change. If there change in free energy, then delta is negative.The change in free energy at a temperature depends on three factors, as seen from the equation Delta H - Delta TS = delta G
Radius of Earth in Meters
Introduction to radius of earth in meters:
Earth is a third planet on terms of distance from the sun. you are familiar with its shape, size, structure and the atmosphere. It has structure of one natural satellite, the moon. The earth is the only planet known to have life on it. You are aware of the earth that resulted in the exhibition or evolution and substance of life on it.
Please express your views of this topic Distance vs Displacement by commenting on blog.
Rotation of earth
You know that the earth rotates about an imaginary axis that passes through its north and south poles. The axis of rotation of the earth is slightly tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit. The ad and the night on the earth occur due to this rotation. It also revolves around the sun in its orbit. The earth completes its journey around the sun in 365.25 days, which we call as a year. However the time taken to complete one rotation and one revolution by each planet is different.
Is this topic Gravitational Potential Energy Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Radius and rotation of earth
The change in seasons on the earth takes place due to the tilting of its axis of rotation and the change in. its position with respect to the sun.
Shows the position of the earth in its orbit at four different times in its orbit at four different times of the year. Note that the tilting of the axis of rotation of the earth is always in the same direction. As a result, the tilting of the northern and southern hemisphere of the earth towards the sun keeps changing throughout the year. When the northern hemisphere ids the tilted towards the sun, we experience summer, while it is winter season in the southern hemisphere. Autumn and spring occur when the earth is in between these two extreme positions in its orbit.
Note that the on June 21, the earth is faster away from the sun than on December 22. On this day, we have the longest day in the northern hemisphere, on December 22, the length of the day is the shortest in the northern hemisphere and the longest in the southern hemisphere.
The radius of the earth is equal to approximately 6,371,000 meters based on the large number of samples.
Earth is a third planet on terms of distance from the sun. you are familiar with its shape, size, structure and the atmosphere. It has structure of one natural satellite, the moon. The earth is the only planet known to have life on it. You are aware of the earth that resulted in the exhibition or evolution and substance of life on it.
Please express your views of this topic Distance vs Displacement by commenting on blog.
Rotation of earth
You know that the earth rotates about an imaginary axis that passes through its north and south poles. The axis of rotation of the earth is slightly tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit. The ad and the night on the earth occur due to this rotation. It also revolves around the sun in its orbit. The earth completes its journey around the sun in 365.25 days, which we call as a year. However the time taken to complete one rotation and one revolution by each planet is different.
Is this topic Gravitational Potential Energy Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Radius and rotation of earth
The change in seasons on the earth takes place due to the tilting of its axis of rotation and the change in. its position with respect to the sun.
Shows the position of the earth in its orbit at four different times in its orbit at four different times of the year. Note that the tilting of the axis of rotation of the earth is always in the same direction. As a result, the tilting of the northern and southern hemisphere of the earth towards the sun keeps changing throughout the year. When the northern hemisphere ids the tilted towards the sun, we experience summer, while it is winter season in the southern hemisphere. Autumn and spring occur when the earth is in between these two extreme positions in its orbit.
Note that the on June 21, the earth is faster away from the sun than on December 22. On this day, we have the longest day in the northern hemisphere, on December 22, the length of the day is the shortest in the northern hemisphere and the longest in the southern hemisphere.
The radius of the earth is equal to approximately 6,371,000 meters based on the large number of samples.
Friday, May 24, 2013
Induction Motor Principle
Introduction to induction motor principle:
Induction motors are most common type of electrical motors. It is widely used because of its simple construction, economical cost and ruggedness.
As the name suggests, the motor works on principle of electromagnetic induction. In a way it can be called as rotating transformer because of the close similarity in principle of operation.
Let us study the what the induction motor principle is.
Description of an induction motor
A schematic diagram of an induction motor is shown above. Pairs of electromagnetic poles are housed in a casing called stator. The e electromagnetic poles are wound with conductors to produce magnetism which is called stator windings. A rotating part called rotor is placed in the annular gap of the stator by suitable mountings in such a way that the rotor can rotate freely. The rotor may be either wire wound or may simply be bars of metal. In the latter case, the rotor is called squirrel cage type.
The entire construction is as per the induction motor principle.
Induction motor principle
When a poly-phase AC supply is given to the stator windings, the electromagnets are energized and act as magnets. As the supply is alternating current, the polarity of the poles changes in tune to the frequency of supply. Thus the set of poles create a rotating magnetic field. Please note that there is no rotation actually exists but it is virtual. It is something like you feel the light is moving when a set of lamps glow and disappear in a sequence. The speed of rotation of the magnetic field is called the synchronous speed of the motor and is given by the formula,
synchronous speed in rpm = (120f)/p where f is the frequency of supply and p is the number of poles.
The rotating magnetic field, because of its change in magnetic flux induces current on the rotor. As per Lenz’s, the induced current starts opposing the cause by rotating, thereby trying to nullify the relative motion with respect to the magnetic field. This is how the rotor starts rotating in an induction motor.
The rotor can never attain the synchronous speed because if it does then there is no relative motion with respect to the rotating field and the induced current in the rotor vanishes. The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the motor is called the slip of the induction motor.
Induction motors are most common type of electrical motors. It is widely used because of its simple construction, economical cost and ruggedness.
As the name suggests, the motor works on principle of electromagnetic induction. In a way it can be called as rotating transformer because of the close similarity in principle of operation.
Let us study the what the induction motor principle is.
Description of an induction motor
A schematic diagram of an induction motor is shown above. Pairs of electromagnetic poles are housed in a casing called stator. The e electromagnetic poles are wound with conductors to produce magnetism which is called stator windings. A rotating part called rotor is placed in the annular gap of the stator by suitable mountings in such a way that the rotor can rotate freely. The rotor may be either wire wound or may simply be bars of metal. In the latter case, the rotor is called squirrel cage type.
The entire construction is as per the induction motor principle.
Induction motor principle
When a poly-phase AC supply is given to the stator windings, the electromagnets are energized and act as magnets. As the supply is alternating current, the polarity of the poles changes in tune to the frequency of supply. Thus the set of poles create a rotating magnetic field. Please note that there is no rotation actually exists but it is virtual. It is something like you feel the light is moving when a set of lamps glow and disappear in a sequence. The speed of rotation of the magnetic field is called the synchronous speed of the motor and is given by the formula,
synchronous speed in rpm = (120f)/p where f is the frequency of supply and p is the number of poles.
The rotating magnetic field, because of its change in magnetic flux induces current on the rotor. As per Lenz’s, the induced current starts opposing the cause by rotating, thereby trying to nullify the relative motion with respect to the magnetic field. This is how the rotor starts rotating in an induction motor.
The rotor can never attain the synchronous speed because if it does then there is no relative motion with respect to the rotating field and the induced current in the rotor vanishes. The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the motor is called the slip of the induction motor.
Solar System Satellites
Introduction to solar system satellites:
A satellite is an object that goes around any other body. Natural satellites are celestial, such as a moon that orbits a planet, which is called the primary in a solar system. A natural satellite is a non-artificial satellite of planets. They are also called as moons. They vary in size but are generally smaller than the planet they orbit.Most of the satellites were discovered before the 20th century by visual observations from the Earth, by astronomers like Galileo Galilee, Copernicus and Simon Marius
The more distant planets and their satellites were discovered by means of space probes and super telescopes in the modern technical era of the 20th century. Our solar system has more than 140 natural/ celestial satellites.I like to share this what is conservation of energy with you all through my article.
Satellites of our solar system
Our solar system has nine planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune And the dwarf planet Pluto. Except for Mercury and Venus, all the planets of our solar system have their own satellites.The few planets which have large satellites are Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune.
Dwarf planets, other solar system bodies, asteroids and Neptunium objects also have satellite but are not named yet. These satellites orbit around their primary planet in the solar system.
Earth has a single large moon. This was first observed by Galileo in the 17th century, to have bright mountains, dark plains and be marked by craters.
Mars has two very small satellites.The 4 bright satellites of Jupiter are easily visible with small telescopes and were discovered by Galileo.Saturn has one bright satellite which is visible with the telescope, the rest have very low light.
The Planets and their moons in our solar system:
The following are the listings of the natural satellites of the various planets we know:
Mercury has none, neither Venus.
Our Earth has only one moon.
Mars has Deimos and Phobos.
In case of Jupiter- numbered 62, they are callisto, Europa, Amalthea, Elara, Pasiphae,Sinope, Isonoe,Sponde, Kalkye,Thebe, sponde.
Saturn has around 33,Titan, Dione, Tethys, Mimas, Pandora, Janus, Tarvos, Skadi, Telesto, Calypso,
Uranus has around 27, they are Ophelia, Biance, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Puck, Titania, Galatea.
Pluto, which is no more a planet, used to have only 1 and that is Charon.
Having problem with Buoyancy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion to solar system satellites
Most of the planets have satellites that are too tiny or too far and give very little light to be visible with a telescope from the earth.Charon is so big that it is paired with Pluto and considered to be a double dwarf planet.
A satellite is an object that goes around any other body. Natural satellites are celestial, such as a moon that orbits a planet, which is called the primary in a solar system. A natural satellite is a non-artificial satellite of planets. They are also called as moons. They vary in size but are generally smaller than the planet they orbit.Most of the satellites were discovered before the 20th century by visual observations from the Earth, by astronomers like Galileo Galilee, Copernicus and Simon Marius
The more distant planets and their satellites were discovered by means of space probes and super telescopes in the modern technical era of the 20th century. Our solar system has more than 140 natural/ celestial satellites.I like to share this what is conservation of energy with you all through my article.
Satellites of our solar system
Our solar system has nine planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune And the dwarf planet Pluto. Except for Mercury and Venus, all the planets of our solar system have their own satellites.The few planets which have large satellites are Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune.
Dwarf planets, other solar system bodies, asteroids and Neptunium objects also have satellite but are not named yet. These satellites orbit around their primary planet in the solar system.
Earth has a single large moon. This was first observed by Galileo in the 17th century, to have bright mountains, dark plains and be marked by craters.
Mars has two very small satellites.The 4 bright satellites of Jupiter are easily visible with small telescopes and were discovered by Galileo.Saturn has one bright satellite which is visible with the telescope, the rest have very low light.
The Planets and their moons in our solar system:
The following are the listings of the natural satellites of the various planets we know:
Mercury has none, neither Venus.
Our Earth has only one moon.
Mars has Deimos and Phobos.
In case of Jupiter- numbered 62, they are callisto, Europa, Amalthea, Elara, Pasiphae,Sinope, Isonoe,Sponde, Kalkye,Thebe, sponde.
Saturn has around 33,Titan, Dione, Tethys, Mimas, Pandora, Janus, Tarvos, Skadi, Telesto, Calypso,
Uranus has around 27, they are Ophelia, Biance, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Puck, Titania, Galatea.
Pluto, which is no more a planet, used to have only 1 and that is Charon.
Having problem with Buoyancy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion to solar system satellites
Most of the planets have satellites that are too tiny or too far and give very little light to be visible with a telescope from the earth.Charon is so big that it is paired with Pluto and considered to be a double dwarf planet.
Thursday, May 23, 2013
South Magnetic Pole
Introduction to south magnetic pole:
Earth is roughly a sphere and is divided into several layers ranging from crust to core. The core is again sub-divided in two, namely Inner core and Outer core. It is believed that outer core is liquid in nature and it continuously rotates round the inner core which is solid of tough iron-nickel alloy. We know the fact that, moving metal around another metal generates electrical and magnetic field. This same theory is responsible for the electromagnetic field around the Earth, which is formed by the rotating outer core around inner core.
Geographically our North Pole is in Northern hemisphere and South Pole is Southern hemisphere, and scientifically there are more terms related to poles. Actually what we believe is not true and what we don't know is scientifically proved and true.
Having problem with Perfectly Inelastic Collision keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Poles
Like poles attract each other and unlike poles repel each other, this fact we know from our school days. Same happens in the case when we used to find direction using our magnetic compass and the needle points towards the geographic north and south pole. This fact violates the rule of like and unlike poles attraction and repulsion. So the scientists work again and found that our North pole is actually Magnetic south pole and South pole is actually Magnetic North Pole.
The Earth's South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface where the geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. For historical reasons, the "end" of a magnet that points towards north is known as "north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing towards south, is magnet's "south pole". Because opposite poles attract, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically actually a magnetic north pole and vice versa.
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South Geomagnetic Pole
The geomagnetic field of earth can be approximated using a vision of tilted dipole, somewhat like a bar magnet placed at the center of the Earth. The South Geomagnetic Pole is located at the point where the axis of our engine (magnetic field production plant: CORE) is best-fitted in tilted dipole which intersects the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. Scientists calculated that to be located at 79°44′S 108°13′E / 79.74°S 108.22°E / -79.74; 108.22 , near the Vostok Station.
Earth is roughly a sphere and is divided into several layers ranging from crust to core. The core is again sub-divided in two, namely Inner core and Outer core. It is believed that outer core is liquid in nature and it continuously rotates round the inner core which is solid of tough iron-nickel alloy. We know the fact that, moving metal around another metal generates electrical and magnetic field. This same theory is responsible for the electromagnetic field around the Earth, which is formed by the rotating outer core around inner core.
Geographically our North Pole is in Northern hemisphere and South Pole is Southern hemisphere, and scientifically there are more terms related to poles. Actually what we believe is not true and what we don't know is scientifically proved and true.
Having problem with Perfectly Inelastic Collision keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Poles
Like poles attract each other and unlike poles repel each other, this fact we know from our school days. Same happens in the case when we used to find direction using our magnetic compass and the needle points towards the geographic north and south pole. This fact violates the rule of like and unlike poles attraction and repulsion. So the scientists work again and found that our North pole is actually Magnetic south pole and South pole is actually Magnetic North Pole.
The Earth's South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface where the geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. For historical reasons, the "end" of a magnet that points towards north is known as "north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing towards south, is magnet's "south pole". Because opposite poles attract, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically actually a magnetic north pole and vice versa.
Is this topic Formula for Momentum hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
South Geomagnetic Pole
The geomagnetic field of earth can be approximated using a vision of tilted dipole, somewhat like a bar magnet placed at the center of the Earth. The South Geomagnetic Pole is located at the point where the axis of our engine (magnetic field production plant: CORE) is best-fitted in tilted dipole which intersects the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. Scientists calculated that to be located at 79°44′S 108°13′E / 79.74°S 108.22°E / -79.74; 108.22 , near the Vostok Station.
Energy Efficient Air Conditioners
Introduction:
It is a matter of common experience that living becomes uncomfortable at a place which is hot and humid. On the other hand, we find it comfortable if the place is cool and dry. The climate at a place mainly depends on the temperature, humidity and the rate of flow of air. For comfortable living, the following conditions should be satisfied.
(a) Temperature , 23oC to 25oC.
(b) Humidity, 60 to 65 %
(c) Wind velocity , 0.75 m/s to 2.5 m/s
(d) Fresh air circulation, 25% of the total air circulation.
I like to share this Find Average Velocity with you all through my article.
The condition can be artificially controlled if they are not naturally available. The controlling of the environment in the limited space is called air conditioning.
In summer, temperature and humidity have to be reduced and flow of air is also to be maintained. In winter, temperature has to be raised and humidity may have to be increased.
In hot countries, the "air conditioner" used is such that it sucks air from the room, removes some moisture from it, cools it to some extent and sends it back in the room. In a short time, the room is made 'comfortable'. In cold countries,the air conditioner is used as a heater. By passing the air over heating coil it warms the room.
At places near the sea-shore,during summer, an air conditioner is mainly used for reducing the humidity.
Having problem with Centripetal Force Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Examples of Energy Efficiency Service
Insulating a home or a building to use less heating and a cooling energy in achieving and maintaining a comfortable temperature. The second example is, installing fluorescent lights or skylights for replacing incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination. A compact fluorescent lights requires two-third less energy and it lasts ten times longer than an incandescent light bulb. The Modern energy-efficient appliances too, such as freezers, refrigerators, dishwashers, ovens, stoves and the cloth washers and dryers, use less energy than older appliances. A current energy efficient refrigerator uses 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001. Following this, if all the households in an Europe changed their old appliances into new ones,The 20 billion kWh of electricity would be saved annually, there by a reducing CO2 emissions by almost 18 billion kg.
It is a matter of common experience that living becomes uncomfortable at a place which is hot and humid. On the other hand, we find it comfortable if the place is cool and dry. The climate at a place mainly depends on the temperature, humidity and the rate of flow of air. For comfortable living, the following conditions should be satisfied.
(a) Temperature , 23oC to 25oC.
(b) Humidity, 60 to 65 %
(c) Wind velocity , 0.75 m/s to 2.5 m/s
(d) Fresh air circulation, 25% of the total air circulation.
I like to share this Find Average Velocity with you all through my article.
The condition can be artificially controlled if they are not naturally available. The controlling of the environment in the limited space is called air conditioning.
In summer, temperature and humidity have to be reduced and flow of air is also to be maintained. In winter, temperature has to be raised and humidity may have to be increased.
In hot countries, the "air conditioner" used is such that it sucks air from the room, removes some moisture from it, cools it to some extent and sends it back in the room. In a short time, the room is made 'comfortable'. In cold countries,the air conditioner is used as a heater. By passing the air over heating coil it warms the room.
At places near the sea-shore,during summer, an air conditioner is mainly used for reducing the humidity.
Having problem with Centripetal Force Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Examples of Energy Efficiency Service
Insulating a home or a building to use less heating and a cooling energy in achieving and maintaining a comfortable temperature. The second example is, installing fluorescent lights or skylights for replacing incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination. A compact fluorescent lights requires two-third less energy and it lasts ten times longer than an incandescent light bulb. The Modern energy-efficient appliances too, such as freezers, refrigerators, dishwashers, ovens, stoves and the cloth washers and dryers, use less energy than older appliances. A current energy efficient refrigerator uses 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001. Following this, if all the households in an Europe changed their old appliances into new ones,The 20 billion kWh of electricity would be saved annually, there by a reducing CO2 emissions by almost 18 billion kg.
Electrical Terms
Introduction to electrical terms:
The electrical terms mean that the terms used in current electricity. Before proceeding to the terms of electricity, Let us learn what is electricity? that is it covers various phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.
The terms used in the electricity are electric current, ampere, resistance, ohm,ammeter, voltmeter, closed circuit, open circuit, insulators , conductors etc. While studying the electricity, it is necessary to know these terms which we use in electricity.
We must be familiar with the cells used in a torch to light up its bulb. The cells provide a direct current to the bulb. The direct current is denoted by d.c. This current has a unique direction and it flows from the positive terminal of the cell to its negative terminal through the bulb of torch.
Please express your views of this topic All Types of Energy by commenting on blog.
Different Electrical Terms
Electric current: The current is the rate of flow of charge across the cross section of a conductor, the cross section being normal to the direction of flow of current.
Current(I)=Charge(Q)/time(t)
The current is a scalar quantity. And it is measured in amperes.
Sources of current: There are two types of current are,
1. a.c.(alternating current) which we obtain from the mains in our house and from a.c. generator.
2. d.c.(direct current) which we obtain from a cell or a battery.
Ammeter: It is a device or instrument used to measure the magnitude of current flowing in the circuit.
Voltmeter: It is used to measure the potential difference between the two points of a circuit.
Circuit: The path along which the current flows, is called a circuit. The current flows only if the circuit is complete(closed). And if the circuit is open, the current does not flow.
Is this topic distance formula physics hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Some More Electrical Terms
Potential Difference: When two charged conductors are joined by a metallic wire or they are placed in contact, the free electrons flow from a conductor having more concentration of electrons to the conductor having less concentration of electrons.
Unit of potential difference is volt.
Resistance: The obstruction offered to the flow of current by the filament or wire is called its electrical resistance.
The unit of ohm.
Galvanometer: A galvanometer is used when we want to detect very weak current in an electric current or to know the direction of flow of current in a circuit.
Load: An appliance which is connected in the circuit is called a load.
Connecting wire: These are the wires used to connect the different electrical components.
The electrical terms mean that the terms used in current electricity. Before proceeding to the terms of electricity, Let us learn what is electricity? that is it covers various phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.
The terms used in the electricity are electric current, ampere, resistance, ohm,ammeter, voltmeter, closed circuit, open circuit, insulators , conductors etc. While studying the electricity, it is necessary to know these terms which we use in electricity.
We must be familiar with the cells used in a torch to light up its bulb. The cells provide a direct current to the bulb. The direct current is denoted by d.c. This current has a unique direction and it flows from the positive terminal of the cell to its negative terminal through the bulb of torch.
Please express your views of this topic All Types of Energy by commenting on blog.
Different Electrical Terms
Electric current: The current is the rate of flow of charge across the cross section of a conductor, the cross section being normal to the direction of flow of current.
Current(I)=Charge(Q)/time(t)
The current is a scalar quantity. And it is measured in amperes.
Sources of current: There are two types of current are,
1. a.c.(alternating current) which we obtain from the mains in our house and from a.c. generator.
2. d.c.(direct current) which we obtain from a cell or a battery.
Ammeter: It is a device or instrument used to measure the magnitude of current flowing in the circuit.
Voltmeter: It is used to measure the potential difference between the two points of a circuit.
Circuit: The path along which the current flows, is called a circuit. The current flows only if the circuit is complete(closed). And if the circuit is open, the current does not flow.
Is this topic distance formula physics hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Some More Electrical Terms
Potential Difference: When two charged conductors are joined by a metallic wire or they are placed in contact, the free electrons flow from a conductor having more concentration of electrons to the conductor having less concentration of electrons.
Unit of potential difference is volt.
Resistance: The obstruction offered to the flow of current by the filament or wire is called its electrical resistance.
The unit of ohm.
Galvanometer: A galvanometer is used when we want to detect very weak current in an electric current or to know the direction of flow of current in a circuit.
Load: An appliance which is connected in the circuit is called a load.
Connecting wire: These are the wires used to connect the different electrical components.
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
Vacuum System
Introduction to vacuum system:
It will not be a easy job to clean your homes. So it will be a great easiness in the job if there is some instrument to pick all the dirt from the floor. Yeah, it will be a great advantage of using an device that helps in this. That is the vacuum system.
In the past it was vacuum cleaners that are mainly used in the homes, offices, auditoriums etc. But the cleaners have got some difficulties relating to the portability because it needs to be dragged from one room to another since it is heavier. The vacuum cleaners are having a dust bag in which all the dust collected is stored.
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Vacuum system and its working style
It is the vacuum system which is much more advanced compared to that of the cleaners. The vacuum systems are known as central vacuum system because; in a house almost every room can be accessed using that system. The main advantage is that, here there is no need of any dragging from room to room and the collection of the dirt will be done in the common storage bag.
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Working of vacuum system
The working of the system is in such a way that there will be tubes installed inside the walls of the house an each of the tubes are interconnected. There is no need for extra power supply for each room because there is a power unit that controls the central unit which is enough for each room to do the work.
The tube is the main component the system and the dirt collected will be sent through it. The tube is also capable of running through the areas that are most difficult to reach.
The main advantage of the vacuum system is that it need not be cleaned after every cleaning, just like that of the normal vacuum cleaners. Since it is a central vacuum system it will be having a dust bag which is capable of collecting a large quantity of dirt and so it will be more than enough to clean the bag once in a month.
It will not be a easy job to clean your homes. So it will be a great easiness in the job if there is some instrument to pick all the dirt from the floor. Yeah, it will be a great advantage of using an device that helps in this. That is the vacuum system.
In the past it was vacuum cleaners that are mainly used in the homes, offices, auditoriums etc. But the cleaners have got some difficulties relating to the portability because it needs to be dragged from one room to another since it is heavier. The vacuum cleaners are having a dust bag in which all the dust collected is stored.
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Vacuum system and its working style
It is the vacuum system which is much more advanced compared to that of the cleaners. The vacuum systems are known as central vacuum system because; in a house almost every room can be accessed using that system. The main advantage is that, here there is no need of any dragging from room to room and the collection of the dirt will be done in the common storage bag.
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Working of vacuum system
The working of the system is in such a way that there will be tubes installed inside the walls of the house an each of the tubes are interconnected. There is no need for extra power supply for each room because there is a power unit that controls the central unit which is enough for each room to do the work.
The tube is the main component the system and the dirt collected will be sent through it. The tube is also capable of running through the areas that are most difficult to reach.
The main advantage of the vacuum system is that it need not be cleaned after every cleaning, just like that of the normal vacuum cleaners. Since it is a central vacuum system it will be having a dust bag which is capable of collecting a large quantity of dirt and so it will be more than enough to clean the bag once in a month.
Boiling Water Reactor
Introduction to boiling water reactor:
The boiling water reactor is a nuclear reactor used for the generation of electricity. After the pressurized water reactor the boiling water reactor is the most commonly used nuclear reactor. The boiling water reactor uses the neutron moderator and light water as a coolant. In this process the reactor core produces the heat by the nuclear fission reaction and this steam is used to drive the turbines which produce the electricity. After the process is completed this is converted back to liquid water by cooling it in a condenser.
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Major components of the system:
Condensate and feed water:
The steam that comes out of the turbine will be left into the condensers which are placed under the turbines where the steam is cooled and brought back to the liquid state. This water is then again pumped back to the feed water heaters. This water is heated and then again the process of water converting into the steam takes place.
Control system:
Changing the water flow through the reactor core and inserting or withdrawing the control rods are the two methods of controlling the reactor power. Neutron absorption decreases in the control material on the withdrawal of the control rods which increases in the fuel hence the reactor power increases. The neutron absorption increases in the control material when the control rods are withdrawn hence the reactor power decreases.
Steam turbine:
The steam produced is let into the steam separators and drier plates which are situated above the core and directly passed through the turbine. The steam separator and the plates are the part of the reactor circuit; this is used because the water around the core is always contaminated with radionuclides.
Understanding fahrenheit to kelvin formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages:
The pressure required to operate reactor vessel and associated components is less
Reactor vessel is subjected to less radiation when compared to PWR
Can easily operate at a low nuclear fuel temperature
Components are less
Easy to handle
Disadvantages:
There are complex calculations managing the consumption during operation.
The size of the pressure vessel is much larger when compared to PWR
Short lived activation products contaminate the turbine
The boiling water reactor is a nuclear reactor used for the generation of electricity. After the pressurized water reactor the boiling water reactor is the most commonly used nuclear reactor. The boiling water reactor uses the neutron moderator and light water as a coolant. In this process the reactor core produces the heat by the nuclear fission reaction and this steam is used to drive the turbines which produce the electricity. After the process is completed this is converted back to liquid water by cooling it in a condenser.
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Major components of the system:
Condensate and feed water:
The steam that comes out of the turbine will be left into the condensers which are placed under the turbines where the steam is cooled and brought back to the liquid state. This water is then again pumped back to the feed water heaters. This water is heated and then again the process of water converting into the steam takes place.
Control system:
Changing the water flow through the reactor core and inserting or withdrawing the control rods are the two methods of controlling the reactor power. Neutron absorption decreases in the control material on the withdrawal of the control rods which increases in the fuel hence the reactor power increases. The neutron absorption increases in the control material when the control rods are withdrawn hence the reactor power decreases.
Steam turbine:
The steam produced is let into the steam separators and drier plates which are situated above the core and directly passed through the turbine. The steam separator and the plates are the part of the reactor circuit; this is used because the water around the core is always contaminated with radionuclides.
Understanding fahrenheit to kelvin formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages:
The pressure required to operate reactor vessel and associated components is less
Reactor vessel is subjected to less radiation when compared to PWR
Can easily operate at a low nuclear fuel temperature
Components are less
Easy to handle
Disadvantages:
There are complex calculations managing the consumption during operation.
The size of the pressure vessel is much larger when compared to PWR
Short lived activation products contaminate the turbine
Uses of Spherical Mirrors
Introduction to Uses of Spherical Mirrors
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is curved inwards and outwards. In fact, a spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere of glass. One side of the mirror is well polished and reflecting, and other side of the mirror is opaque.
Spherical mirrors are of two types:
Concave mirrors
Convex mirrors
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Uses of spherical mirrors : Concave and Convex Mirrors
Concave mirrors:
A concave mirror is used as a reflector in torches, search lights, head lights of motor vehicles etc. to get powerful parallel beam of light.
A concave mirror is used as doctor’s head mirrors to focus light on the body parts like eyes, ears, nose, throat etc., to be examined.
A concave mirror is also used as a shaving mirror/makeup mirror, as it can form erect and magnified image of the face.
The dentists use concave mirror to observe large images of the teeth of the patient.
Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar cookers, solar furnace etc.
Large concave mirrors are also used in reflecting type telescope.
Convex mirror:
A convex mirror is used as a reflector in street lamps. As a result, light from the lamp diverges over a large area.
A convex mirror is used by drivers of automobile as a real view mirror. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicles enabling the driver to see traffic behind for safe driving. This is because
(i) A convex mirror produced an erect image of the object.
(ii) Size of image formed by convex mirror is much smaller than the object.
(iii) Convex mirrors have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Therefore, convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area than would be possible with a plane mirror.
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Uses of Spherical Mirrors : Summary
Spherical mirrors can also be used as tricks mirrors to magnify one particular part, and to reduce the other part of an object. You can see a full length image of a tall building in a small convex mirror. One such small convex mirror is fitted in a wall of the Agra fort to observe the full length image of the tall tomb.
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is curved inwards and outwards. In fact, a spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere of glass. One side of the mirror is well polished and reflecting, and other side of the mirror is opaque.
Spherical mirrors are of two types:
Concave mirrors
Convex mirrors
Please express your views of this topic What is Heat Transfer by commenting on blog.
Uses of spherical mirrors : Concave and Convex Mirrors
Concave mirrors:
A concave mirror is used as a reflector in torches, search lights, head lights of motor vehicles etc. to get powerful parallel beam of light.
A concave mirror is used as doctor’s head mirrors to focus light on the body parts like eyes, ears, nose, throat etc., to be examined.
A concave mirror is also used as a shaving mirror/makeup mirror, as it can form erect and magnified image of the face.
The dentists use concave mirror to observe large images of the teeth of the patient.
Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar cookers, solar furnace etc.
Large concave mirrors are also used in reflecting type telescope.
Convex mirror:
A convex mirror is used as a reflector in street lamps. As a result, light from the lamp diverges over a large area.
A convex mirror is used by drivers of automobile as a real view mirror. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicles enabling the driver to see traffic behind for safe driving. This is because
(i) A convex mirror produced an erect image of the object.
(ii) Size of image formed by convex mirror is much smaller than the object.
(iii) Convex mirrors have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Therefore, convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area than would be possible with a plane mirror.
Is this topic Pressure Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Uses of Spherical Mirrors : Summary
Spherical mirrors can also be used as tricks mirrors to magnify one particular part, and to reduce the other part of an object. You can see a full length image of a tall building in a small convex mirror. One such small convex mirror is fitted in a wall of the Agra fort to observe the full length image of the tall tomb.
Tuesday, May 21, 2013
Types of Diffusion
Introduction to types of diffusion:
Conclusive evidence that molecules are in constant motion is provided by the phenomenon of diffusion.
It is a process by which the molecules of one kind penetrate through the spaces between the molecules of another kind.
It is a process of leveling out of the densities of two substances when they are mixed with each other . the mutual penetration of the substance is a result of the random motion of their particles along a certain direction. It is exactly in this direction that diffusion occurs.
Diffusion is observed in solids, liquids and gases.
Understanding University Physics with Modern Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Types of Diffusion
There are three types of diffusion they are,
Diffusion in solids
Diffusion in liquids
Diffusion in gases
Explanation to diffusion in solids, liquids and gases
Diffusion in Solids: A lead plate and a gold plate are pressed together for several months. They are found to inter growth that is their atoms begin to penetrate into the other sheet. In five years time, the atoms can penetrate up to a depth of about one millimeter.
Diffusion in liquids: Place some hydrated crystals of copper sulphate at the bottom of the tall jar containing water. Leave the jar undistributed so that the water in it remains still. After some time, a dense blue color has extended uniformly throughout the liquid.
The same phenomenon can also be observed if we carefully pour water into a vessel which contains a uniform solution of copper sulphate.Having problem with Pressure Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Diffusion in gases: Gases have a natural tendency of mixing with one another. if you open a jar of chlorine or ammonia in a large room the presence of the gases can be detected within a few seconds because of its powerful color is heavier than air it does not remain at the floor level.
This can be explained in the terms of the molecular behavior. The molecules of the gas coming out of the jar collide with the air molecules and start moving randomly in all the possible directions.
Conclusive evidence that molecules are in constant motion is provided by the phenomenon of diffusion.
It is a process by which the molecules of one kind penetrate through the spaces between the molecules of another kind.
It is a process of leveling out of the densities of two substances when they are mixed with each other . the mutual penetration of the substance is a result of the random motion of their particles along a certain direction. It is exactly in this direction that diffusion occurs.
Diffusion is observed in solids, liquids and gases.
Understanding University Physics with Modern Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Types of Diffusion
There are three types of diffusion they are,
Diffusion in solids
Diffusion in liquids
Diffusion in gases
Explanation to diffusion in solids, liquids and gases
Diffusion in Solids: A lead plate and a gold plate are pressed together for several months. They are found to inter growth that is their atoms begin to penetrate into the other sheet. In five years time, the atoms can penetrate up to a depth of about one millimeter.
Diffusion in liquids: Place some hydrated crystals of copper sulphate at the bottom of the tall jar containing water. Leave the jar undistributed so that the water in it remains still. After some time, a dense blue color has extended uniformly throughout the liquid.
The same phenomenon can also be observed if we carefully pour water into a vessel which contains a uniform solution of copper sulphate.Having problem with Pressure Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Diffusion in gases: Gases have a natural tendency of mixing with one another. if you open a jar of chlorine or ammonia in a large room the presence of the gases can be detected within a few seconds because of its powerful color is heavier than air it does not remain at the floor level.
This can be explained in the terms of the molecular behavior. The molecules of the gas coming out of the jar collide with the air molecules and start moving randomly in all the possible directions.
Solar System Objects
Introduction to solar system objects
The part of the universe in which we live is called the solar system. The solar system consists of planet, moons, asteroids, comets, etc. The sun, its planets, moons and all heavenly bodies revolving around the sun, collectively called the solar system. The center of our solar system is sun and all the planets revolve around the sun in the fixed orbits due to the influence of gravitational force of the sun.
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Solar System Objects : Planets
There are nine planets in our solar system. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Planets are the heavenly bodies which revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbits. Planets have no light of their own. The brightest planet in our solar system is Venus and Pluto is the smallest planet in our solar system. The biggest of all is Jupiter . The red planet is Mars because the colour of Mars is reddish-orange. The first four planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars are called the terrestrial planets, because they all have well defined surface containing rocks and soil. The other five planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are called Jovian planets, because they are like the Jupiter and they are gaseous in nature. All the planets revolve west to east around the sun except Uranus. Four planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have rings around them.
Solar System Planets : Moons
A solid heavenly body, which revolves around the planets, are called the natural satellites or moons. Moon is the name specifically given to the artificial satellites. Moons do not have their own light. They reflect the light of sun falling on them. Earth has only one moon, whose size is one fourth of the earth and mass is one eighth of the earth. Our moon has no atmosphere and the temperature is 110° C at the daytime and – 150 °C at the nighttime. Our moon completes one revolution around the earth in 27.33 days. The surface of our moon is rocky and mountainous. Mars has two moons, Jupiter has fifty-eight moons, Saturn has thirty moons, Uranus has twenty one moons, Neptune has eleven moons, Pluto has one moon.
Solar System Objects : Asteroids
The orbits between the Mars and Jupiter, there are millions of small rocky, irregular objects which revolve around the sun are called the asteroids. The belt in which the asteroids revolve around the sun is called asteroid belt. They are also called as minor planets or planetoids. The largest asteroid is of 940 km in diameter, this asteroid is named as Ceres, given by the scientist Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801. Some of the asteroids have moons also.
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Solar System Objects : Comets
A wandering lump of ice and dust from the solar system or outside which move around the sun in very large orbits are called comets. Halley’s comet is the famous comet which was last seen in 1986, it has a period of 76 years.
The part of the universe in which we live is called the solar system. The solar system consists of planet, moons, asteroids, comets, etc. The sun, its planets, moons and all heavenly bodies revolving around the sun, collectively called the solar system. The center of our solar system is sun and all the planets revolve around the sun in the fixed orbits due to the influence of gravitational force of the sun.
Please express your views of this topic Rotational Momentum by commenting on blog.
Solar System Objects : Planets
There are nine planets in our solar system. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Planets are the heavenly bodies which revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbits. Planets have no light of their own. The brightest planet in our solar system is Venus and Pluto is the smallest planet in our solar system. The biggest of all is Jupiter . The red planet is Mars because the colour of Mars is reddish-orange. The first four planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars are called the terrestrial planets, because they all have well defined surface containing rocks and soil. The other five planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are called Jovian planets, because they are like the Jupiter and they are gaseous in nature. All the planets revolve west to east around the sun except Uranus. Four planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have rings around them.
Solar System Planets : Moons
A solid heavenly body, which revolves around the planets, are called the natural satellites or moons. Moon is the name specifically given to the artificial satellites. Moons do not have their own light. They reflect the light of sun falling on them. Earth has only one moon, whose size is one fourth of the earth and mass is one eighth of the earth. Our moon has no atmosphere and the temperature is 110° C at the daytime and – 150 °C at the nighttime. Our moon completes one revolution around the earth in 27.33 days. The surface of our moon is rocky and mountainous. Mars has two moons, Jupiter has fifty-eight moons, Saturn has thirty moons, Uranus has twenty one moons, Neptune has eleven moons, Pluto has one moon.
Solar System Objects : Asteroids
The orbits between the Mars and Jupiter, there are millions of small rocky, irregular objects which revolve around the sun are called the asteroids. The belt in which the asteroids revolve around the sun is called asteroid belt. They are also called as minor planets or planetoids. The largest asteroid is of 940 km in diameter, this asteroid is named as Ceres, given by the scientist Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801. Some of the asteroids have moons also.
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Solar System Objects : Comets
A wandering lump of ice and dust from the solar system or outside which move around the sun in very large orbits are called comets. Halley’s comet is the famous comet which was last seen in 1986, it has a period of 76 years.
Magnetic Susceptibility Unit
Introduction to Magnetic Susceptibility unit:
Magnetic susceptibility is a property of any magnetic specimen which determines, how easily and how fast a specimen can be magnetized if it is placed inside a uniform magnetic field. Qualitatively, susceptibility of a magnetic material is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetization (I) induced in the material to the magnetizing force (H) applied. Susceptibility is represented as ?m thus
?m = I / H
Since the definition of the susceptibility contains the magnetic moment per unit volume (I) thus ?m is usually called volume susceptibility of the material.
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Values of Magnetic Susceptibility
The value of the magnetic susceptibility determines the type of the magnetic material, if the magnetic susceptibility of any material has a negative value and it is independent of the temperature then the material is a diamagnetic material and if the magnetic susceptibility is positive and proportional inversely to the temperature of the substance then the material is a paramagnetic substance but the value of the magnetic susceptibility is less than one in both cases. The substances which are magnetic must possess a positive value of the magnetic susceptibility.
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Unit of Magnetic Susceptibility for various elements
As discussed above the magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of the intensity of magnetization and the magnetization force and they both has same unit equal to the ampere per meter (A m-1) thus magnetic susceptibility has no units but its value determines the nature of the magnetic substance. the magnetic susceptibility of some paramagnetic and diamagnetic substance is given below:
Paramagnetic substances:
Aluminium (Al) 0.82
Iron Aluminium alloy 38.2
Calcium (Ca) 1.4
Chromium (Cr) 4.5
Cuprous oxide (CuO) 1.5
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 26.0
Magnesium (Mg) 0.69
Manganese (Mn) 1
Platinum (Pt) 1.65
Tantalum (Ta) 1.1
Diamagnetic substance:
Bismuth (Bi) -1.7
Cadmium (Cd) -0.23
Copper (Cu) -0.11
Diamond -0.62
Germanium (Ge) -0.15
Gold (Au) -0.19
Helium (He) -0.59
Lead (Pb) -0.18
Silver (Ag) -0.25
Magnetic susceptibility is a property of any magnetic specimen which determines, how easily and how fast a specimen can be magnetized if it is placed inside a uniform magnetic field. Qualitatively, susceptibility of a magnetic material is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetization (I) induced in the material to the magnetizing force (H) applied. Susceptibility is represented as ?m thus
?m = I / H
Since the definition of the susceptibility contains the magnetic moment per unit volume (I) thus ?m is usually called volume susceptibility of the material.
I like to share this Electric and Magnetic Fields with you all through my article.
Values of Magnetic Susceptibility
The value of the magnetic susceptibility determines the type of the magnetic material, if the magnetic susceptibility of any material has a negative value and it is independent of the temperature then the material is a diamagnetic material and if the magnetic susceptibility is positive and proportional inversely to the temperature of the substance then the material is a paramagnetic substance but the value of the magnetic susceptibility is less than one in both cases. The substances which are magnetic must possess a positive value of the magnetic susceptibility.
Is this topic Inverse Square Law Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Unit of Magnetic Susceptibility for various elements
As discussed above the magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of the intensity of magnetization and the magnetization force and they both has same unit equal to the ampere per meter (A m-1) thus magnetic susceptibility has no units but its value determines the nature of the magnetic substance. the magnetic susceptibility of some paramagnetic and diamagnetic substance is given below:
Paramagnetic substances:
Aluminium (Al) 0.82
Iron Aluminium alloy 38.2
Calcium (Ca) 1.4
Chromium (Cr) 4.5
Cuprous oxide (CuO) 1.5
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 26.0
Magnesium (Mg) 0.69
Manganese (Mn) 1
Platinum (Pt) 1.65
Tantalum (Ta) 1.1
Diamagnetic substance:
Bismuth (Bi) -1.7
Cadmium (Cd) -0.23
Copper (Cu) -0.11
Diamond -0.62
Germanium (Ge) -0.15
Gold (Au) -0.19
Helium (He) -0.59
Lead (Pb) -0.18
Silver (Ag) -0.25
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Average Speed Equation
Let us first discuss the basic definition of speed. When we divide distance covered with the time that has been taken to cover the same distance by a body or an object then it is called speed.I like to share this Formula for Average Speed with you all through my article.
The general formula is speed = distance speed.
Now If we have an averaged value here we will call it average speed. That said if we calculate the total distance that has been covered and divide it by the total time that has been taken then we get the avg. speed.
So the next question that arises is how do we Calculate Avg Speed. The answer is pretty simple and by now you already know it. But let us discuss it once. First we calculate the total distance i.e. add all the distances (take all of them in account). Next step is to add all the time periods that have been mentioned corresponding to the given distances. Now divide the total distance by the total time taken. This is how the calculation is done.
Let us try to mention Average Speed Equation or Equation for Average Speed.
Average speed = total distance / total time. - - - - - - - - (1)
The unit will be meter per second or kilometer per hour ( Basic units ).
Let us try and solve a few Average Speed Problems.
1. The distances covered by a car during its travel from Bangalore to Hyd. And back are 250 kms and 250 kms respectively.
The time taken from Bangalore to Hyd. Is 10 hrs while the return journey takes 9 hours. Find the avg speed of the car. The solution to this is pretty simple. First we calculate the total distance covered which will be 250 + 250 i.e. 500 kilometers. Next we calculate the total time i.e. 10 + 9 = 19 hours. Hence according to the formula the avg. speed = total distance / total time = 500 / 19 = 26.13 km / hours. This is a simple approach towards calculation. Even when we have the average spd. given we can calculate either time or distance having either one of them available.
For example let the average speed be 14 km / hr and the distance (total) is 2 km. Then the time taken will be 14 / 2 = 7 hours. Similarly if avg. speed. = 14 km / hr and the time taken is 7 hours then distance will be 2 kms.
The general formula is speed = distance speed.
Now If we have an averaged value here we will call it average speed. That said if we calculate the total distance that has been covered and divide it by the total time that has been taken then we get the avg. speed.
So the next question that arises is how do we Calculate Avg Speed. The answer is pretty simple and by now you already know it. But let us discuss it once. First we calculate the total distance i.e. add all the distances (take all of them in account). Next step is to add all the time periods that have been mentioned corresponding to the given distances. Now divide the total distance by the total time taken. This is how the calculation is done.
Let us try to mention Average Speed Equation or Equation for Average Speed.
Average speed = total distance / total time. - - - - - - - - (1)
The unit will be meter per second or kilometer per hour ( Basic units ).
Let us try and solve a few Average Speed Problems.
1. The distances covered by a car during its travel from Bangalore to Hyd. And back are 250 kms and 250 kms respectively.
The time taken from Bangalore to Hyd. Is 10 hrs while the return journey takes 9 hours. Find the avg speed of the car. The solution to this is pretty simple. First we calculate the total distance covered which will be 250 + 250 i.e. 500 kilometers. Next we calculate the total time i.e. 10 + 9 = 19 hours. Hence according to the formula the avg. speed = total distance / total time = 500 / 19 = 26.13 km / hours. This is a simple approach towards calculation. Even when we have the average spd. given we can calculate either time or distance having either one of them available.
For example let the average speed be 14 km / hr and the distance (total) is 2 km. Then the time taken will be 14 / 2 = 7 hours. Similarly if avg. speed. = 14 km / hr and the time taken is 7 hours then distance will be 2 kms.
Nuclear Waste Safety
Introduction to nuclear waste safety
Nuclear waste is generated from nuclear energy production centers, nuclear research laboratories and nuclear bomb manufacturing centers. The nuclear waste consists of radioactive material that is still active and takes a long time to turn into non-radioactive material. On order to ensure safety of the people and animals from being exposed to nuclear radiation, there are clear laws set by several international agencies.
I like to share this Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Humans with you all through my article.
Guidelines for safety from nuclear waste
International atomic energy agency, nuclear energy agency, European commission and international commission on radiological protection have all set up regulations and guidelines for nuclear waste safety. Accordingly:
1. Although the radioactive waste is very small in comparison to total waste produced, the radioactive waste can be very dangerous and potentially fatal if exposed to radiation. Therefore these wastes are to be recycled and the recycled waste should be isolated and diluted and disposed.
2. For low level and intermediate level wastes there are set guidelines, for high-level waste, geological repositories are to be built. In these cases, the nuclear companies wait for the accumulation of waste.
3. Some of the radioactive nuclides that have half-lives emit alpha and beta rays. These can be handled relatively easily. The high level waste that emits gamma rays is the ones that need special care and the gamma rays are e harmful if exposed.
4. Initial outlay of cost for a nuclear plant makes provision for waste management and waste disposal expenditure as well.
5. There are specific ways of disposing exempt waste, low level waste, intermediate level wastes and high level wastes. However some of the plants generate a combination of these waste and therefore the wastes need to be recycled and separated before disposal.
6. Nuclear mining and milling sites contain a trail of radioactive waste; this is collected and buried under layers of clay and rock to prevent leakage of radiation
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Conclusion for nuclear waste safety
Radioactive waste, if exposed to, can cause severe damage. It is important to ensure nuclear waste safety by adhering to the set guidelines of nuclear waste management.
Nuclear waste is generated from nuclear energy production centers, nuclear research laboratories and nuclear bomb manufacturing centers. The nuclear waste consists of radioactive material that is still active and takes a long time to turn into non-radioactive material. On order to ensure safety of the people and animals from being exposed to nuclear radiation, there are clear laws set by several international agencies.
I like to share this Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Humans with you all through my article.
Guidelines for safety from nuclear waste
International atomic energy agency, nuclear energy agency, European commission and international commission on radiological protection have all set up regulations and guidelines for nuclear waste safety. Accordingly:
1. Although the radioactive waste is very small in comparison to total waste produced, the radioactive waste can be very dangerous and potentially fatal if exposed to radiation. Therefore these wastes are to be recycled and the recycled waste should be isolated and diluted and disposed.
2. For low level and intermediate level wastes there are set guidelines, for high-level waste, geological repositories are to be built. In these cases, the nuclear companies wait for the accumulation of waste.
3. Some of the radioactive nuclides that have half-lives emit alpha and beta rays. These can be handled relatively easily. The high level waste that emits gamma rays is the ones that need special care and the gamma rays are e harmful if exposed.
4. Initial outlay of cost for a nuclear plant makes provision for waste management and waste disposal expenditure as well.
5. There are specific ways of disposing exempt waste, low level waste, intermediate level wastes and high level wastes. However some of the plants generate a combination of these waste and therefore the wastes need to be recycled and separated before disposal.
6. Nuclear mining and milling sites contain a trail of radioactive waste; this is collected and buried under layers of clay and rock to prevent leakage of radiation
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Conclusion for nuclear waste safety
Radioactive waste, if exposed to, can cause severe damage. It is important to ensure nuclear waste safety by adhering to the set guidelines of nuclear waste management.
Planets Position From The Sun
Introduction to planets position from the sun:
The sun is the largest heavenly body which is very close to us. Due to the huge size of the sun, it exerts a very large amount of the gravitational force that attracts and keeps together a number of other heavenly bodies which formed the solar system. The largest bodies of the solar system are the planets, in which our earth is included. As according to the mass and the gravitational pull, all the planets revolve around the sun in the fixed orbits having some particular distance from the sun.
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Terrestrial planets position from the sun:
According to the order of the distances from the sun, the planets are arranged as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. We can remember this order as My Very Earnest Mother Just Served Us Nice Pudding. The mean distance of Mercury from the sun is 57.9 million kilometers. The diameter of the Mercury is 4879 kilometer. Mercury completes the one rotation on its own axis in 58 days 39 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Venus from the sun is 108.2 million kilometers. The diameter of the Venus is 12100 kilometer. Venus completes the one rotation on its own axis in 243 days (according to earth). The mean distance of Earth from the sun is 149.6 million kilometers. The diameter of the Venus is 12756 kilometer. Venus completes the one rotation on its own axis in 23 hours and 56 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Mars from the sun is 227.9 million kilometers. The diameter of the Mars is 6794 kilometer. Mars completes the one rotation on its own axis in 24 hours and 37 minutes (according to earth).
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Jovian planets position from the sun:
The mean distance of Jupiter from the sun is 778.4 million kilometers. The diameter of the Jupiter is 142984 kilometer. Jupiter completes the one rotation on its own axis in 9 hours and 55 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Saturn from the sun is 1426.7 million kilometers. The diameter of the Saturn is 120536 kilometer. Saturn completes the one rotation on its own axis in 10 hours and 39 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Uranus from the sun is 2871 million kilometers. The diameter of the Uranus is 51118 kilometer. Uranus completes the one rotation on its own axis in 17 hours and 14 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Neptune from the sun is 4498.2 million kilometers. The diameter of the Neptune is 49528 kilometer. Neptune completes the one rotation on its own axis in 16hours 7 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Pluto from the sun is 5906.3 million kilometers. The diameter of the Pluto is 2930 kilometer. Pluto completes the one rotation on its own axis in 6 hours 23 minutes (according to earth).
The sun is the largest heavenly body which is very close to us. Due to the huge size of the sun, it exerts a very large amount of the gravitational force that attracts and keeps together a number of other heavenly bodies which formed the solar system. The largest bodies of the solar system are the planets, in which our earth is included. As according to the mass and the gravitational pull, all the planets revolve around the sun in the fixed orbits having some particular distance from the sun.
Please express your views of this topic What is Average Atomic Mass by commenting on blog.
Terrestrial planets position from the sun:
According to the order of the distances from the sun, the planets are arranged as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. We can remember this order as My Very Earnest Mother Just Served Us Nice Pudding. The mean distance of Mercury from the sun is 57.9 million kilometers. The diameter of the Mercury is 4879 kilometer. Mercury completes the one rotation on its own axis in 58 days 39 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Venus from the sun is 108.2 million kilometers. The diameter of the Venus is 12100 kilometer. Venus completes the one rotation on its own axis in 243 days (according to earth). The mean distance of Earth from the sun is 149.6 million kilometers. The diameter of the Venus is 12756 kilometer. Venus completes the one rotation on its own axis in 23 hours and 56 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Mars from the sun is 227.9 million kilometers. The diameter of the Mars is 6794 kilometer. Mars completes the one rotation on its own axis in 24 hours and 37 minutes (according to earth).
Is this topic Work Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Jovian planets position from the sun:
The mean distance of Jupiter from the sun is 778.4 million kilometers. The diameter of the Jupiter is 142984 kilometer. Jupiter completes the one rotation on its own axis in 9 hours and 55 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Saturn from the sun is 1426.7 million kilometers. The diameter of the Saturn is 120536 kilometer. Saturn completes the one rotation on its own axis in 10 hours and 39 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Uranus from the sun is 2871 million kilometers. The diameter of the Uranus is 51118 kilometer. Uranus completes the one rotation on its own axis in 17 hours and 14 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Neptune from the sun is 4498.2 million kilometers. The diameter of the Neptune is 49528 kilometer. Neptune completes the one rotation on its own axis in 16hours 7 minutes (according to earth). The mean distance of Pluto from the sun is 5906.3 million kilometers. The diameter of the Pluto is 2930 kilometer. Pluto completes the one rotation on its own axis in 6 hours 23 minutes (according to earth).
Thursday, May 2, 2013
Problems of Adolescence
Introduction to problems of adolescence
The adolescent period is between the ages of thirteen to nineteen and is named as teenage period. Physical development of the internal and external organism of the body is attained. Major physiological changes for teenage period are fast and completed at the end of this period.
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Problems of adolescence are due to failure in understanding the anatomical, social, educational, morphological and psychological changes during adolescence. Adolescence is a vulnerable stage that boys / girls of this age are easily carried away by perceptions generated by misleading and misguiding parents, teachers, friends, brother/sisters.
Ignorance of elders, wrongful messages depicted by TV serials, advertisements, films, publications carrying partially or fully false information.
Such perceptions can be anything such as studies, sex, society, married life, career, religion, politics, or any relevant subject.
Some problems could be easily ignored. Even such problems cause great distress to adolescent people. Morphological / Developmental Problems include over growth of hair or undergrowth of hair, over weight and underweight, skin color problems, facial deformities, pimples, etc., limb deformities, abnormal growth of genitals and breasts.
Having problem with cross product problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Psychological and social problems of adolescence
Psychological Problems such as misconceptions about sexual feelings, sex related issues, child birth, reproduction, menstrual cycles, fear about sex and sexual issues, guilt feeling about sex related issues. Inferiority / Superiority complex about skin color, beauty, mental ability and IQ.
Inexplicable perceptions about dress and fashion codes, wrong and unrealistic ideologies about friendship and courtship, the person hates control of the parents and seeks identity to him, attraction towards opposite sex are some of the adolescence problems.
Social problems are insecurity due to unemployment, hatredness towards brother / sisters, friends, intense closeness with brothers / sisters, friends, volatile relationships with friends, perceptions about violence, love, sex as influenced by media, vulnerable and volatile relations with relatives, fear or imagination about married life, life partners.
Educational problems include tensions of attending classes, examinations and tests, low IQ feeling, fear about failure in examination, fear about low score, fear and concern about a future career, misconceptions about teachers.
The adolescent period is between the ages of thirteen to nineteen and is named as teenage period. Physical development of the internal and external organism of the body is attained. Major physiological changes for teenage period are fast and completed at the end of this period.
Please express your views of this topic Electric Field Strength by commenting on blog.
Problems of adolescence are due to failure in understanding the anatomical, social, educational, morphological and psychological changes during adolescence. Adolescence is a vulnerable stage that boys / girls of this age are easily carried away by perceptions generated by misleading and misguiding parents, teachers, friends, brother/sisters.
Ignorance of elders, wrongful messages depicted by TV serials, advertisements, films, publications carrying partially or fully false information.
Such perceptions can be anything such as studies, sex, society, married life, career, religion, politics, or any relevant subject.
Some problems could be easily ignored. Even such problems cause great distress to adolescent people. Morphological / Developmental Problems include over growth of hair or undergrowth of hair, over weight and underweight, skin color problems, facial deformities, pimples, etc., limb deformities, abnormal growth of genitals and breasts.
Having problem with cross product problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Psychological and social problems of adolescence
Psychological Problems such as misconceptions about sexual feelings, sex related issues, child birth, reproduction, menstrual cycles, fear about sex and sexual issues, guilt feeling about sex related issues. Inferiority / Superiority complex about skin color, beauty, mental ability and IQ.
Inexplicable perceptions about dress and fashion codes, wrong and unrealistic ideologies about friendship and courtship, the person hates control of the parents and seeks identity to him, attraction towards opposite sex are some of the adolescence problems.
Social problems are insecurity due to unemployment, hatredness towards brother / sisters, friends, intense closeness with brothers / sisters, friends, volatile relationships with friends, perceptions about violence, love, sex as influenced by media, vulnerable and volatile relations with relatives, fear or imagination about married life, life partners.
Educational problems include tensions of attending classes, examinations and tests, low IQ feeling, fear about failure in examination, fear about low score, fear and concern about a future career, misconceptions about teachers.
Inversion Mutation
Introduction to mutation
A mutation is a sudden change in the amount, arrangement or structure of the DNA of an organism. This produces a change in the genotype which may be inherited by cells derived by mitosis or meiosis from the mutant cell.
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Inversion mutation
Inversion occurs when a region of a chromosome breaks off and rotates through 180 degree before rejoining the chromosome. No change in genotype occurs as a result of inversion but phenotypic changes may be seen. This suggests that the order of gene loci on the chromosome is important, a phenomenon known as the position effect. There are varieties of gene mutation involving the addition, loss or rearrangement of bases in the gene. This mutation takes the form of the duplication, insertion, deletion, inversion or substitution of bases. In all this version mutation is a case they change the nucleotide sequence and result in the formation of modified polypeptide.
Heterozygous inversions can pair in meiosis to form an inversion loop. Recombination in an inversion loop produces a duplication of one end of the chromosome and loss of the other, so recombined chromatids do not survive, the exact outcome depends on whether the centromere is inside (pericentric) or outside (paracentric).
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Types of inversion mutation
Para centric inversions
In this case, the inversions have break points on the same side of the centromere. Meiotic recombination in an inversion loop produces one recombined chromatid with two centromeres and another chromatid with lack of centromere.
Pericentric inversions
Pericentric inversions span the centromere and crossover within the inversion loop swaps the ends of one chromatid on each chromosome, duplicating one end and deleting the other and all the chromatics have a single centromere, so they can all segregate normally at meiosis and pass into gametes. Polymorphism for pericentric inversions are not found in Drosophila but are found in other species for example in grasshopper, where the inverted region pairs nonhomologously in meiosis.
A mutation is a sudden change in the amount, arrangement or structure of the DNA of an organism. This produces a change in the genotype which may be inherited by cells derived by mitosis or meiosis from the mutant cell.
I like to share this Electric Circuit Simulator with you all through my article.
Inversion mutation
Inversion occurs when a region of a chromosome breaks off and rotates through 180 degree before rejoining the chromosome. No change in genotype occurs as a result of inversion but phenotypic changes may be seen. This suggests that the order of gene loci on the chromosome is important, a phenomenon known as the position effect. There are varieties of gene mutation involving the addition, loss or rearrangement of bases in the gene. This mutation takes the form of the duplication, insertion, deletion, inversion or substitution of bases. In all this version mutation is a case they change the nucleotide sequence and result in the formation of modified polypeptide.
Heterozygous inversions can pair in meiosis to form an inversion loop. Recombination in an inversion loop produces a duplication of one end of the chromosome and loss of the other, so recombined chromatids do not survive, the exact outcome depends on whether the centromere is inside (pericentric) or outside (paracentric).
Having problem with formula of pressure keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Types of inversion mutation
Para centric inversions
In this case, the inversions have break points on the same side of the centromere. Meiotic recombination in an inversion loop produces one recombined chromatid with two centromeres and another chromatid with lack of centromere.
Pericentric inversions
Pericentric inversions span the centromere and crossover within the inversion loop swaps the ends of one chromatid on each chromosome, duplicating one end and deleting the other and all the chromatics have a single centromere, so they can all segregate normally at meiosis and pass into gametes. Polymorphism for pericentric inversions are not found in Drosophila but are found in other species for example in grasshopper, where the inverted region pairs nonhomologously in meiosis.
Wednesday, May 1, 2013
Mechanical Degrees of Freedom
Introduction to mechanical degrees of freedom
The mechanical degree of freedom of a system is defined as the total number of coordinates or independent quantities required to describe the configuration of the system completely. The gas molecule possesses energy due to three types of motion: Kinetic energy of translational motion, kinetic energy of rotational motion and kinetic energy of vibrational motion. In a system of N particles, if the particle possess k independent relations between them then the number of mechanical degrees of freedom is given by f = 3N – k.
Mechanical degrees of freedom for mono atomic gas molecules
A mono atomic gas molecule can absorb kinetic energy of translational motion along each of the three axes. So that the mono atomic gas molecules 3 degree of freedom corresponding to the translational motion. Because mono atomic gas molecule is a point mass so it cannot absorb kinetic energy of rotational motion and hence they do not have mechanical degree of freedom corresponding to the rotational motion. So in the case of mono atomic gas molecule are 3. Now according to the formula for the mechanical degrees of freedom f = 3 × 1 – 0 = 3 because here N = 1 and k = 0.
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Mechanical degrees of freedom for diatomic gas molecules
Let a molecule of diatomic gas which lying on the X-axis, so that its moment of inertia about Y-axis and Z-axis is non-zero but the moment of inertia is zero for X-axis. So it possess only three mechanical degrees of freedom corresponding to the translational motion. It also possesses the two mechanical degrees of freedom corresponding to the rotational motion. Therefore, the total mechanical degrees of freedom are 3 + 2 = 5. Now according to the formula for the mechanical degrees of freedom f = 3 × 2 – 1 = 5, because here N = 2 and k = 1. It may be remember that at very high temperature, the vibrational motion excites up for the gas molecules so that the mechanical degree of freedom for the diatomic gas molecules is 7, because of 2 degrees of freedom due to the vibrational motion.
The mechanical degree of freedom of a system is defined as the total number of coordinates or independent quantities required to describe the configuration of the system completely. The gas molecule possesses energy due to three types of motion: Kinetic energy of translational motion, kinetic energy of rotational motion and kinetic energy of vibrational motion. In a system of N particles, if the particle possess k independent relations between them then the number of mechanical degrees of freedom is given by f = 3N – k.
Mechanical degrees of freedom for mono atomic gas molecules
A mono atomic gas molecule can absorb kinetic energy of translational motion along each of the three axes. So that the mono atomic gas molecules 3 degree of freedom corresponding to the translational motion. Because mono atomic gas molecule is a point mass so it cannot absorb kinetic energy of rotational motion and hence they do not have mechanical degree of freedom corresponding to the rotational motion. So in the case of mono atomic gas molecule are 3. Now according to the formula for the mechanical degrees of freedom f = 3 × 1 – 0 = 3 because here N = 1 and k = 0.
Is this topic cross product problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Mechanical degrees of freedom for diatomic gas molecules
Let a molecule of diatomic gas which lying on the X-axis, so that its moment of inertia about Y-axis and Z-axis is non-zero but the moment of inertia is zero for X-axis. So it possess only three mechanical degrees of freedom corresponding to the translational motion. It also possesses the two mechanical degrees of freedom corresponding to the rotational motion. Therefore, the total mechanical degrees of freedom are 3 + 2 = 5. Now according to the formula for the mechanical degrees of freedom f = 3 × 2 – 1 = 5, because here N = 2 and k = 1. It may be remember that at very high temperature, the vibrational motion excites up for the gas molecules so that the mechanical degree of freedom for the diatomic gas molecules is 7, because of 2 degrees of freedom due to the vibrational motion.
Gravitational Field Intensity
Introduction to gravitational field intensity
Gravitation is the force acting between two bodies in the universe. Gravitation force is attractive in nature. Sir Isaac Newton discovered gravitation in the year 1665, when he saw an apple falling down the tree. Gravitation is the weakest force among the four fundamental forces in nature. Gravitation played an important role in initiating the birth of stars, planets etc. and controlling the entire structure of the universe.
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Gravitational Field Intensity
As we know that, the earth attracts everybody towards its centre. According to the Newton’s law of gravitation, the force of attraction varies inversely as the square of the distance of the body from the centre of the earth. So, there is a space around the earth in which gravitational pull can be experienced. Hence, the space around a material body in which its gravitational force can be experienced is called its gravitational field. The intensity of gravitational field of a body at a point in a field is defined as the force experienced by the body of unit mass placed at that point provided the presence of unit mass does not disturb the original gravitational field. Gravitational field intensity is always directed towards the centre of gravity of body whose gravitational field is considered. Intensity of the gravitational field is denoted by.
Let M be the mass of the body with centre of gravity O. Let F be the gravitational force of attraction placed at P in the gravitational field of the body, where OP = x. According to the Newton’s law of gravitation
F = GMm0 / x^2
Intensity of gravitational field at P will be
I = F / m0 = GMm0 / x^2 m0
I = GM / x^2
In vector form, `vecI` = GMx^ / x^2
Here, negative sign shows that the gravitational intensity is of attractive force.
If the gravitational field is due to the earth and point P lies on the surface of the earth then x = R (radius of the earth), so
I = GM / R^2 = g (acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth)
Having problem with Angular Acceleration Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Units of Gravitational Field Intensity
The SI unit of gravitational field intensity is Newton per kilogram or metre per squared second and in CGS system the unit of gravitational field intensity is dyne per gram or centimetre per squared second. The gravitational field intensity is a vector quantity.
Gravitation is the force acting between two bodies in the universe. Gravitation force is attractive in nature. Sir Isaac Newton discovered gravitation in the year 1665, when he saw an apple falling down the tree. Gravitation is the weakest force among the four fundamental forces in nature. Gravitation played an important role in initiating the birth of stars, planets etc. and controlling the entire structure of the universe.
Please express your views of this topic Gravitational Potential Energy Formula by commenting on blog.
Gravitational Field Intensity
As we know that, the earth attracts everybody towards its centre. According to the Newton’s law of gravitation, the force of attraction varies inversely as the square of the distance of the body from the centre of the earth. So, there is a space around the earth in which gravitational pull can be experienced. Hence, the space around a material body in which its gravitational force can be experienced is called its gravitational field. The intensity of gravitational field of a body at a point in a field is defined as the force experienced by the body of unit mass placed at that point provided the presence of unit mass does not disturb the original gravitational field. Gravitational field intensity is always directed towards the centre of gravity of body whose gravitational field is considered. Intensity of the gravitational field is denoted by.
Let M be the mass of the body with centre of gravity O. Let F be the gravitational force of attraction placed at P in the gravitational field of the body, where OP = x. According to the Newton’s law of gravitation
F = GMm0 / x^2
Intensity of gravitational field at P will be
I = F / m0 = GMm0 / x^2 m0
I = GM / x^2
In vector form, `vecI` = GMx^ / x^2
Here, negative sign shows that the gravitational intensity is of attractive force.
If the gravitational field is due to the earth and point P lies on the surface of the earth then x = R (radius of the earth), so
I = GM / R^2 = g (acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth)
Having problem with Angular Acceleration Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Units of Gravitational Field Intensity
The SI unit of gravitational field intensity is Newton per kilogram or metre per squared second and in CGS system the unit of gravitational field intensity is dyne per gram or centimetre per squared second. The gravitational field intensity is a vector quantity.
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